4. Trauma-related disorders Flashcards
What historical event spiked attention on the psychological effects of trauma?
a) World War I
b) Vietnam War
c) Korean War
d) Gulf War
a) World War I
When was PTSD formally recognized as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association?
a) 1975
b) 1980
c) 1985
d) 1990
b) 1980
Which Australian natural disaster in 1974 sparked interest in PTSD?
a) Cyclone Tracy
b) Ash Wednesday bushfires
c) Newcastle earthquake
d) Port Arthur mass shooting
a) Cyclone Tracy
What is the prevalence of PTSD among Australian Defence Force personnel according to the 2014 census?
a) 5%
b) 8%
c) 10%
d) 12%
b) 8%
Which film is NOT mentioned as depicting war and PTSD?
a) The Deer Hunter
b) Coming Home
c) Born on the Fourth of July
d) Saving Private Ryan
d) Saving Private Ryan
What is the main focus of Chapter 4?
a) Anxiety disorders
b) Obsessive-compulsive disorders
c) Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
d) Depressive disorders
c) Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
Which edition of the DSM includes PTSD under ‘Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders’?
a) DSM-III
b) DSM-IV
c) DSM-5
d) DSM-6
c) DSM-5
What are the four major symptom clusters of PTSD?
a) Re-experiencing, avoidance, negative changes in cognitions and mood, arousal
b) Re-experiencing, positive changes in mood, avoidance, arousal
c) Avoidance, arousal, positive changes in mood, re-experiencing
d) Re-experiencing, arousal, cognitive improvements, social withdrawal
a) Re-experiencing, avoidance, negative changes in cognitions and mood, arousal
Which symptom is part of the re-experiencing cluster in PTSD?
a) Intrusive memories
b) Avoidance of thoughts
c) Emotional numbing
d) Exaggerated startle response
a) Intrusive memories
Which symptom is part of the avoidance cluster in PTSD?
a) Nightmares
b) Emotional numbing
c) Avoidance of thoughts and reminders
d) Reckless behavior
c) Avoidance of thoughts and reminders
Which symptom is part of the negative changes in cognitions and mood cluster in PTSD?
a) Hypervigilance
b) Flashbacks
c) Exaggerated negative expectations
d) Intrusive memories
c) Exaggerated negative expectations
Which symptom is part of the arousal cluster in PTSD?
a) Emotional numbing
b) Avoidance of stimuli
c) Hypervigilance
d) Negative affective states
c) Hypervigilance
How long must PTSD symptoms be present to qualify for a diagnosis?
a) Two weeks
b) One month
c) Six months
d) One year
b) One month
What percentage of adults in Detroit reported exposure to a traumatic stressor?
a) 61%
b) 70%
c) 80%
d) 90%
d) 90%
What percentage of women who experienced a traumatic event developed PTSD in the National Comorbidity Survey?
a) 8.2%
b) 13%
c) 20.4%
d) 25%
c) 20.4%
What percentage of rape victims develop PTSD?
a) 7.5%
b) 20%
c) 40%
d) 55%
d) 55%
What was the 12-month prevalence rate for PTSD in the United States according to Kessler et al. (1999)?
a) 1.3%
b) 3.9%
c) 5%
d) 7%
b) 3.9%
What is the primary gender-related finding in PTSD prevalence?
a) Men are more likely to develop PTSD
b) Women are more likely to develop PTSD
c) There is no gender difference in PTSD prevalence
d) Gender differences are inconsistent
b) Women are more likely to develop PTSD
Which risk factor is NOT associated with developing PTSD?
a) Higher intelligence levels
b) Prior traumatic experience
c) Low social support after trauma
d) Interpersonal trauma
a) Higher intelligence levels
What does the cognitive model of PTSD emphasize?
a) Maladaptive appraisals of the traumatic event
b) Genetic predisposition
c) Hormonal imbalances
d) Physiological arousal
a) Maladaptive appraisals of the traumatic event
What learning principle is applied in the learning accounts of PTSD?
a) Operant conditioning
b) Observational learning
c) Classical conditioning
d) Social learning
c) Classical conditioning
What do biological accounts of PTSD highlight?
a) The role of arousal in fear conditioning
b) Genetic factors
c) Maladaptive appraisals
d) Social influences
a) The role of arousal in fear conditioning
What is the first medication approved by the FDA for treating PTSD?
a) Fluoxetine
b) Sertraline
c) Diazepam
d) Clonazepam
b) Sertraline
What is the psychological treatment of choice for PTSD?
a) Psychoanalysis
b) Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
c) Hypnotherapy
d) Play therapy
b) Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
What does psychoeducation in CBT for PTSD involve?
a) Providing information about common symptoms following a traumatic event
b) Teaching avoidance strategies
c) Promoting dependence on medication
d) Hypnotherapy techniques
a) Providing information about common symptoms following a traumatic event
What is the aim of anxiety management techniques in CBT for PTSD?
a) To provide coping skills and reduce arousal levels
b) To teach avoidance behaviors
c) To encourage dependence on medication
d) To analyze unconscious conflicts
a) To provide coping skills and reduce arousal levels
What is cognitive restructuring in PTSD treatment?
a) Challenging and modifying irrational threat-related beliefs
b) Promoting avoidance behaviors
c) Encouraging dependence on medication
d) Focusing on unconscious conflicts
a) Challenging and modifying irrational threat-related beliefs
What does prolonged imaginal exposure involve?
a) Vividly imagining the trauma for extended periods
b) Avoiding trauma reminders c) Medication management
d) Psychoanalysis
a) Vividly imagining the trauma for extended periods
What is the duration of CBT for PTSD typically?
a) 3-6 sessions
b) 6-9 sessions
c) 9-12 sessions
d) 12-15 sessions
c) 9-12 sessions
What was the outcome of the early well-controlled study of CBT for PTSD by Foa et al. (1991)?
a) Prolonged exposure resulted in longer-term benefits than stress management
b) Stress management resulted in greater long-term benefits than prolonged exposure
c) Supportive counselling was more effective than CBT
d) Wait-list control group showed the most improvement
a) Prolonged exposure resulted in longer-term benefits than stress management
What is psychological debriefing?
a) Requiring the person to express responses to trauma on a single occasion within days of the event
b) A form of prolonged exposure therapy
c) Cognitive restructuring
d) Medication management
a) Requiring the person to express responses to trauma on a single occasion within days of the event
What drug has been tested as an NMDA agonist to enhance extinction in PTSD treatment?
a) Sertraline
b) Diazepam
c) D-cycloserine
d) Fluoxetine
c) D-cycloserine
What challenge is highlighted in treating large numbers of trauma survivors?
a) Lack of evidence-based treatments
b) Lack of trained specialists
c) Difficulty in disseminating treatments to large populations
d) All of the above
c) Difficulty in disseminating treatments to large populations
What promising avenue is being explored to provide CBT to those who cannot access formal mental health services?
a) Psychoanalysis
b) Web-based delivery of CBT
c) Hypnotherapy
d) Play therapy
b) Web-based delivery of CBT
What is one approach to treating victims of terrorist attacks in Pakistan?
a) Using non-specialist providers to deliver evidence-based strategies
b) Psychoanalysis
c) Hypnotherapy
d) Play therapy
a) Using non-specialist providers to deliver evidence-based strategies
What is a major challenge in applying PTSD treatments in community settings?
a) Lack of evidence for the effectiveness of CBT in community settings
b) Difficulty in training non-specialist clinicians
c) High dropout rates
d) All of the above
a) Lack of evidence for the effectiveness of CBT in community settings
What is the focus of the case study provided in the chapter?
a) A woman involved in a serious motor accident
b) A war veteran
c) A survivor of a natural disaster
d) A victim of interpersonal violence
a) A woman involved in a serious motor accident
What is the primary therapeutic approach used in the case study?
a) Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
b) Psychoanalysis
c) Hypnotherapy
d) Play therapy
a) Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
What is the aim of prolonged imaginal exposure in the case study?
a) To vividly imagine the trauma for extended periods
b) To avoid trauma reminders
c) To use medication management
d) To engage in psychoanalysis
a) To vividly imagine the trauma for extended periods
What does the therapist focus on during the cognitive restructuring phase in the case study?
a) Challenging and modifying irrational threat-related beliefs
b) Promoting avoidance behaviors c) Encouraging dependence on medication d) Analyzing unconscious conflicts
a) Challenging and modifying irrational threat-related beliefs
What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the general population?
a) 1-2% b) 2-3% c) 3-4% d) 4-5%
b) 2-3%
What is the prevalence of PTSD among children exposed to trauma? a) Similar to adults
b) Higher than adults
c) Lower than adults
d) Inconsistent with adult prevalence
a) Similar to adults
What cognitive symptom is less common in preschool children with PTSD?
a) Re-experiencing symptoms
b) Avoidance
c) Hypervigilance
d) Flashbacks
a) Re-experiencing symptoms
What percentage of rape victims displayed sufficient symptoms to meet PTSD criteria two weeks after trauma?
a) 47%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 94%
d) 94%
What percentage of rape victims met PTSD criteria 11 weeks after trauma?
a) 20%
b) 30%
c) 47%
d) 60%
c) 47%
What factor is NOT identified as a risk for developing PTSD?
a) History of psychological disturbance
b) High intelligence levels
c) Low social support after trauma
d) Interpersonal trauma
b) High intelligence levels
What is the role of avoidance in maintaining PTSD?
a) It prevents exposure to corrective information
b) It enhances fear conditioning
c) It impedes extinction learning
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
What is the first SSRI approved for PTSD treatment?
a) Fluoxetine
b) Sertraline
c) Paroxetine
d) Citalopram
b) Sertraline
What percentage of PTSD patients either drop out of treatment or do not respond?
a) 20%
b) 30%
c) 40%
d) 50%
d) 50%
What approach has been used to prepare PTSD patients to better tolerate exposure therapy distress?
a) Cognitive restructuring
b) Skills training
c) Medication management
d) Psychoanalysis
b) Skills training
What is the duration of prolonged imaginal exposure typically in CBT for PTSD?
a) 10 minutes
b) 20 minutes
c) 30 minutes
d) 40 minutes
c) 30 minutes
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the extinction process?
a) Serotonin
b) Dopamine
c) Glutamate
d) Norepinephrine
c) Glutamate
What brain structure is involved in fear conditioning and extinction in PTSD?
a) Hippocampus
b) Amygdala
c) Prefrontal cortex
d) Temporal lobe
b) Amygdala
What is the role of NMDA receptors in PTSD treatment?
a) Enhancing extinction learning
b) Reducing arousal levels
c) Blocking fear responses
d) Increasing anxiety management skills
a) Enhancing extinction learning
What was the outcome of studies using d-cycloserine with CBT for PTSD?
a) It facilitated CBT for specific phobia, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder
b) It had no effect on CBT outcomes
c) It worsened PTSD symptoms
d) It was less effective than a placebo
a) It facilitated CBT for specific phobia, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder
What type of intervention has shown promise for large-scale trauma responses?
a) Internet-based CBT
b) Psychoanalysis
c) Hypnotherapy
d) Medication management
a) Internet-based CBT
What is a key challenge in PTSD treatment following large-scale disasters?
a) Lack of trained specialists
b) Limited access to evidence-based treatments
c) High costs of treatment
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
What is the focus of web-based CBT for PTSD?
a) Providing CBT strategies online
b) Promoting medication adherence
c) Hypnotherapy techniques
d) Psychoanalysis
a) Providing CBT strategies online
What is the goal of training non-specialists in PTSD treatment?
a) To deliver evidence-based strategies to large populations
b) To reduce treatment costs
c) To increase medication use
d) To provide psychoanalysis
a) To deliver evidence-based strategies to large populations
What percentage of trauma survivors with acute stress disorder develop PTSD?
a) 10%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 75%
c) 50%
What factor is NOT a focus of trauma-focused CBT for PTSD?
a) Repeated exposure to trauma memories
b) Cognitive restructuring
c) Avoidance of trauma reminders
d) Psychoeducation
c) Avoidance of trauma reminders
What is the role of cognitive restructuring in trauma-focused CBT?
a) Challenging maladaptive thoughts about the trauma
b) Avoiding trauma reminders
c) Encouraging dependence on medication
d) Promoting unconscious analysis
a) Challenging maladaptive thoughts about the trauma
What is the goal of in vivo exposure in PTSD treatment?
a) Confronting feared stimuli in real life
b) Avoiding trauma reminders
c) Using medication management
d) Engaging in psychoanalysis
a) Confronting feared stimuli in real life
What is the aim of early intervention programs for PTSD?
a) Preventing PTSD development
b) Promoting avoidance behaviors
c) Encouraging dependence on medication
d) Analyzing unconscious conflicts
a) Preventing PTSD development
What was the result of the study using early CBT intervention for trauma survivors?
a) Fewer participants in the CBT group developed PTSD compared to supportive counselling participants
b) More participants in the CBT group developed PTSD compared to supportive counselling participants
c) There was no difference between the groups
d) The supportive counselling group showed more improvement
a) Fewer participants in the CBT group developed PTSD compared to supportive counselling participants
What is the focus of skills training to augment PTSD treatment?
a) Preparing patients to tolerate distress associated with exposure therapy
b) Promoting avoidance behaviors
c) Encouraging dependence on medication
d) Analyzing unconscious conflicts
a) Preparing patients to tolerate distress associated with exposure therapy
What is the role of NMDA receptors in extinction learning?
a) Facilitating the elimination of conditioned fear responses
b) Increasing fear conditioning
c) Reducing anxiety management skills
d) Promoting avoidance behaviors
a) Facilitating the elimination of conditioned fear responses
What is the focus of web-based CBT for trauma survivors?
a) Providing CBT strategies online
b) Promoting medication adherence
c) Hypnotherapy techniques
d) Psychoanalysis
a) Providing CBT strategies online
What is the challenge of implementing CBT in community settings?
a) Lack of evidence for the effectiveness of CBT in community settings
b) Difficulty in training non-specialist clinicians
c) High dropout rates
d) All of the above
a) Lack of evidence for the effectiveness of CBT in community settings
What is a primary therapeutic approach for treating PTSD in the case study?
a) Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
b) Psychoanalysis
c) Hypnotherapy
d) Play therapy
a) Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
What is the goal of prolonged imaginal exposure in the case study?
a) To vividly imagine the trauma for extended periods
b) To avoid trauma reminders
c) To use medication management
d) To engage in psychoanalysis
a) To vividly imagine the trauma for extended periods
What does the therapist focus on during cognitive restructuring in the case study?
a) Challenging and modifying irrational threat-related beliefs
b) Promoting avoidance behaviors
c) Encouraging dependence on medication
d) Analyzing unconscious conflicts
a) Challenging and modifying irrational threat-related beliefs
What percentage of PTSD patients drop out of treatment or do not respond?
a) 20%
b) 30%
c) 40%
d) 50%
d) 50%
What was the primary intervention in the case study for PTSD?
a) Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
b) Psychoanalysis
c) Hypnotherapy
d) Play therapy
a) Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
