1. Conceptual issues Flashcards
Which criterion involves a characteristic that is rarely found in society?
a) Norm Violation
b) Statistical Rarity
c) Distress
d) Dysfunction
b) Statistical Rarity
What does the criterion of ‘deviance’ include?
a) Statistical measure
b) Value component
c) Self-assessment
d) Physical dysfunction
b) Value component
According to the distress criterion, what defines abnormal behavior?
a) Violation of social norms
b) Causing personal suffering
c) Statistical rarity
d) Dysfunction
b) Causing personal suffering
What does the dysfunction criterion evaluate?
a) Statistical rarity
b) Norm violation
c) Personal distress
d) Interference with everyday life
d) Interference with everyday life
Which element is not sufficient on its own to define abnormality?
a) Rarity
b) Norm violation
c) Distress
d) Dysfunction
a) Rarity
How does Wakefield’s notion of ‘harmful dysfunction’ help in defining mental disorders?
a) By focusing on societal norms
b) By identifying internal dysfunction and harm
c) By assessing statistical rarity
d) By considering personal distress only
b) By identifying internal dysfunction and harm
What is the main goal of abnormal psychology?
a) To understand and modify abnormal behaviors
b) To diagnose physical disorders
c) To study normal behavior
d) To enforce societal norms
a) To understand and modify abnormal behaviors
What perspective emphasizes the biological causes of mental disorders?
a) Sociocultural
b) Psychological
c) Biological
d) Cognitive
c) Biological
What does the biopsychosocial model integrate?
a) Only biological factors
b) Only psychological factors
c) Only sociocultural factors
d) Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
d) Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
What was a significant milestone for abnormal psychology in Australia in 2006?
a) Introduction of the Better Access to Mental Health Care program
b) Establishment of the Australian Psychological Society
c) Publication of the DSM-5
d) Founding of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology
a) Introduction of the Better Access to Mental Health Care program
Which system is primarily used in the United States for classifying mental disorders?
a) ICD
b) DSM
c) APA
d) WHO
b) DSM
What does the DSM-5 define as a mental disorder? a) A condition with no biological basis
b) A syndrome characterized by disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
c) Any socially deviant behavior
d) Only conditions causing physical symptoms
b) A syndrome characterized by disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
How many different mental disorders are listed in the DSM-5?
a) Over 200
b) Over 300
c) Over 400
d) Over 500
b) Over 300
What does the sociocultural perspective emphasize in understanding abnormal behavior?
a) Biological factors
b) Psychological factors
c) Social environment
d) Personal distress
c) Social environment
What does the cognitive perspective focus on?
a) Biological disturbances
b) Unconscious conflicts
c) Learning history
d) Conscious and unconscious beliefs and motivations
d) Conscious and unconscious beliefs and motivations
What are defence mechanisms according to psychoanalytic theory?
a) Biological responses to stress
b) Strategies used by the ego to disguise or transform unacceptable impulses
c) Conscious actions to reduce anxiety
d) Social behaviors learned from parents
b) Strategies used by the ego to disguise or transform unacceptable impulses
What is the main limitation of using norm violation as a criterion for abnormality?
a) It is not precise enough
b) It can be used to oppress non-conformist behaviors
c) It does not consider personal distress
d) It ignores biological factors
b) It can be used to oppress non-conformist behaviors
Which theoretical perspective is the oldest and currently dominant in understanding mental disorders?
a) Sociocultural
b) Psychological
c) Cognitive
d) Biological
d) Biological
What is the focus of community psychology and social work within the sociocultural perspective?
a) Biological treatment
b) Psychodynamic therapy
c) Social environment and resources
d) Individual cognitive processes
c) Social environment and resources
What did the first official psychiatric classification system published in the United States mainly include?
a) Categories of neuroses
b) Categories of psychoses
c) Categories of personality disorders
d) Categories of cognitive disorders
b) Categories of psychoses
Which report highlighted the success of the Better Access program in Australia?
a) Ten Years of Better Access
b) DSM-5
c) APA Annual Report
d) ICD-10 Overview
a) Ten Years of Better Access
What is a significant challenge for the Better Access program as highlighted in the report?
a) Limited number of trained psychologists
b) Reduction of Medicare-supported sessions
c) High cost of therapy
d) Lack of public awareness
b) Reduction of Medicare-supported sessions
What is the DSM-5’s stance on socially deviant behavior?
a) Always considered a mental disorder
b) Not considered a mental disorder unless it results from an underlying dysfunction
c) Never considered a mental disorder
d) Considered a mental disorder if it violates norms
b) Not considered a mental disorder unless it results from an underlying dysfunction
What is a common approach to defining abnormality?
a) Considering only statistical rarity
b) Considering all elements such as rarity, norm violation, distress, and dysfunction together
c) Focusing solely on societal norms
d) Ignoring individual distress
b) Considering all elements such as rarity, norm violation, distress, and dysfunction together
What did the early biological perspective in psychiatry often link mental illness to?
a) Societal norms
b) Underlying biological diseases affecting the brain or nervous system
c) Personal distress
d) Learning history
b) Underlying biological diseases affecting the brain or nervous system
Which theory suggests that mental disorders are caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors?
a) Biological model
b) Cognitive theory
c) Biopsychosocial model
d) Sociocultural theory
c) Biopsychosocial model
What was the first professional body of psychologists in Australia?
a) Australian Psychological Society
b) Association of Medical Superintendents
c) Australian Overseas Branch of the British Psychological Society
d) Australian Journal of Psychiatry
c) Australian Overseas Branch of the British Psychological Society
What is the primary focus of the cognitive perspective in abnormal psychology?
a) Unconscious processes
b) Observable behaviors
c) Internal mental processes
d) Social norms
c) Internal mental processes
What is the main criticism of the statistical rarity criterion in defining abnormality?
a) It includes too many positive deviations
b) It does not account for societal norms
c) It ignores personal distress
d) It is too precise
a) It includes too many positive deviations
What is the primary emphasis of the sociocultural perspective?
a) Individual cognitive processes
b) Underlying biological dysfunctions
c) Influence of society and culture on behavior
d) Personal unconscious conflicts
c) Influence of society and culture on behavior
What does the biological perspective attribute mental disorders to?
a) Societal expectations
b) Personal distress
c) Biological dysfunctions
d) Learned behaviors
c) Biological dysfunctions
What is a limitation of the dysfunction criterion in defining abnormality?
a) It overlaps with the concept of norm violation
b) It ignores biological factors
c) It is not practical
d) It is too precise
a) It overlaps with the concept of norm violation
What was a major discovery in the biological perspective of mental illness in the 19th century?
a) Germ theory of diseases
b) Cognitive therapy
c) Humanistic psychology
d) Psychodynamic theory
a) Germ theory of diseases
How did Kraepelin categorize mental illnesses?
a) By societal norms
b) By symptoms and causes
c) By statistical rarity
d) By personal distress
b) By symptoms and causes
What was the first edition of Kraepelin’s work of psychiatric classification called?
a) DSM
b) ICD
c) Compendium of Psychiatry
d) Journal of Abnormal Psychology
c) Compendium of Psychiatry
What treatment did Egas Moniz develop in the early 20th century?
a) Electroconvulsive therapy
b) Cognitive therapy
c) Pre-frontal lobotomy
d) Psychoanalysis
c) Pre-frontal lobotomy
What is the main goal of contemporary biological perspectives in psychiatry?
a) To find underlying biological causes of mental disorders
b) To understand societal influences
c) To study conscious thought processes
d) To focus on personal distress
a) To find underlying biological causes of mental disorders
What was one of the early biological treatments for mental illness?
a) Psychoanalysis
b) Cognitive therapy
c) Hot and cold baths
d) Behavioral therapy
c) Hot and cold baths
How are contemporary biological perspectives different from traditional ones?
a) They only focus on observable behaviors
b) They consider interactions between behavior and biological functions
c) They ignore genetic factors
d) They focus solely on societal norms
b) They consider interactions between behavior and biological functions
What does the cognitive perspective emphasize in understanding mental disorders?
a) Societal norms
b) Biological dysfunctions
c) Internal mental processes
d) Observable behaviors
c) Internal mental processes
What is the key idea of the biopsychosocial model?
a) Only biological factors are important
b) Only psychological factors are important
c) Multiple factors including biological, psychological, and social are important
d) Only social factors are important
c) Multiple factors including biological, psychological, and social are important
Which perspective focuses on unconscious processes and conflicts?
a) Cognitive
b) Sociocultural
c) Behavioral
d) Psychodynamic
d) Psychodynamic
How does the DSM-5 classify mental disorders?
a) By societal norms
b) By underlying causes
c) By observable behaviors
d) By specific criteria including symptoms and duration
d) By specific criteria including symptoms and duration
What is a major focus of the sociocultural perspective in abnormal psychology?
a) Biological dysfunctions
b) Individual learning history
c) Influence of social and cultural factors
d) Internal mental processes
c) Influence of social and cultural factors
What is the primary goal of psychoanalysis?
a) To modify behavior
b) To uncover unconscious conflicts
c) To change cognitive distortions
d) To address societal norms
b) To uncover unconscious conflicts
What does the behavioral perspective emphasize in understanding abnormal behavior?
a) Biological factors
b) Unconscious processes
c) Observable and measurable behavior
d) Social norms
c) Observable and measurable behavior
How does the cognitive perspective differ from the behavioral perspective?
a) It ignores internal processes
b) It focuses on internal thought processes
c) It emphasizes societal norms
d) It studies unconscious conflicts
b) It focuses on internal thought processes
What is the main critique of the psychoanalytic perspective?
a) It focuses too much on biological factors
b) It is not empirically testable
c) It ignores societal influences
d) It emphasizes observable behaviors only
b) It is not empirically testable
What is the focus of community psychology?
a) Individual therapy
b) Social and environmental factors
c) Biological interventions
d) Cognitive restructuring
b) Social and environmental factors
What is an example of a defense mechanism?
a) Rationalization
b) Cognitive restructuring
c) Behavioral modification
d) Social learning
a) Rationalization
Which perspective is associated with the concept of ‘libido’?
a) Cognitive
b) Behavioral
c) Sociocultural
d) Psychoanalytic
d) Psychoanalytic
What does the term ‘psychosis’ refer to?
a) Mild anxiety disorders
b) Loss of contact with reality
c) Behavioral modifications
d) Cognitive distortions
b) Loss of contact with reality
What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy?
a) To change observable behaviors
b) To uncover and understand unconscious conflicts
c) To address societal norms
d) To modify cognitive distortions
b) To uncover and understand unconscious conflicts
How does the biological perspective view mental disorders?
a) As learned behaviors
b) As results of societal norms
c) As underlying biological dysfunctions
d) As conscious thought processes
c) As underlying biological dysfunctions
What does the DSM-5 stand for?
a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
b) Diagnostic and Societal Manual of Mental Health
c) Diagnostic and Sociocultural Manual of Disorders
d) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Health
a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which approach emphasizes the role of cognitive distortions in mental disorders?
a) Behavioral
b) Cognitive
c) Sociocultural
d) Psychodynamic
b) Cognitive
What was the first known attempt at classifying mental illnesses?
a) Kraepelin’s classification
b) Hippocrates’ hypothesis of humours
c) Freud’s psychoanalysis
d) Pavlov’s conditioning
b) Hippocrates’ hypothesis of humours
How did Kraepelin’s classification differ from earlier attempts?
a) It focused on symptoms and underlying causes
b) It ignored biological factors
c) It emphasized societal norms
d) It studied learned behaviors
a) It focused on symptoms and underlying causes
What is the primary criticism of the statistical rarity criterion?
a) It does not consider societal norms
b) It includes too many positive deviations
c) It ignores personal distress
d) It is too precise
b) It includes too many positive deviations
What is the main limitation of the norm violation criterion?
a) It does not include personal distress
b) It overlaps with statistical rarity
c) It can be used to oppress non-conformist behaviors
d) It ignores biological factors
c) It can be used to oppress non-conformist behaviors
Which perspective focuses on the unconscious mind?
a) Cognitive
b) Behavioral
c) Psychodynamic
d) Sociocultural
c) Psychodynamic
What is the primary goal of cognitive therapy?
a) To uncover unconscious conflicts
b) To modify cognitive distortions
c) To change societal norms
d) To address biological dysfunctions
b) To modify cognitive distortions
How does the sociocultural perspective view mental disorders?
a) As results of biological dysfunctions
b) As products of societal and cultural factors
c) As learned behaviors
d) As conscious thought processes
b) As products of societal and cultural factors
What is a key concept of the psychodynamic perspective?
a) Unconscious conflicts
b) Observable behaviors
c) Cognitive distortions
d) Societal norms
a) Unconscious conflicts
What was one of the major criticisms of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
a) It focused too much on societal norms
b) It was not empirically testable
c) It ignored cognitive processes
d) It emphasized observable behaviors only
b) It was not empirically testable
Which perspective is associated with defense mechanisms?
a) Cognitive
b) Behavioral
c) Sociocultural
d) Psychoanalytic
d) Psychoanalytic
What does the term ‘neurosis’ refer to?
a) Severe psychotic disorders
b) Mild to moderate psychological symptoms
c) Learned behaviors
d) Cognitive distortions
b) Mild to moderate psychological symptoms
What is the focus of the behavioral perspective?
a) Internal mental processes
b) Unconscious conflicts
c) Observable and measurable behaviors
d) Societal norms
c) Observable and measurable behaviors
How does the biological perspective explain mental disorders?
a) As learned behaviors
b) As societal influences
c) As underlying biological dysfunctions
d) As conscious thought processes
c) As underlying biological dysfunctions
What was a significant milestone in abnormal psychology in Australia in 1929?
a) Establishment of the Australian Psychological Society
b) Introduction of the Better Access program
c) Appointment of Henry Tasman Lovell as the first Professor of Psychology
d) Publication of the DSM
c) Appointment of Henry Tasman Lovell as the first Professor of Psychology
What is a major focus of the cognitive perspective?
a) Biological dysfunctions
b) Observable behaviors
c) Internal thought processes
d) Societal norms
c) Internal thought processes
How does the psychodynamic perspective view mental disorders?
a) As results of biological dysfunctions
b) As products of unconscious conflicts
c) As learned behaviors
d) As societal influences
b) As products of unconscious conflicts
What is a limitation of the distress criterion in defining abnormality?
a) It overlaps with statistical rarity
b) It ignores societal norms
c) It does not consider biological factors
d) It can exclude individuals who do not experience distress
d) It can exclude individuals who do not experience distress
What does the term ‘libido’ refer to in psychoanalytic theory?
a) Unconscious conflicts
b) Cognitive distortions
c) Sexual drive energy
d) Learned behaviors
c) Sexual drive energy
What is the focus of the biopsychosocial model?
a) Biological factors only
b) Psychological factors only
c) Integrating biological, psychological, and social factors
d) Societal norms
c) Integrating biological, psychological, and social factors
How did Freud’s psychoanalysis revolutionize the concept of mental illness?
a) By focusing on societal norms
b) By including conditions other than severe psychotic states
c) By ignoring unconscious conflicts
d) By emphasizing biological factors only
b) By including conditions other than severe psychotic states
What is the primary criticism of the psychoanalytic perspective?
a) It is too focused on observable behaviors
b) It lacks empirical testability
c) It emphasizes societal norms too much
d) It ignores cognitive processes
b) It lacks empirical testability
How does the behavioral perspective view abnormal behavior?
a) As products of unconscious conflicts
b) As results of societal norms
c) As learned behaviors
d) As biological dysfunctions
c) As learned behaviors
What is a key concept in the cognitive perspective?
a) Unconscious conflicts
b) Learned behaviors
c) Cognitive distortions
d) Societal norms
c) Cognitive distortions
How does the sociocultural perspective explain mental disorders?
a) As learned behaviors
b) As results of unconscious conflicts
c) As products of societal and cultural factors
d) As biological dysfunctions
c) As products of societal and cultural factors
What is a primary focus of the biopsychosocial model?
a) Biological factors only
b) Integrating multiple perspectives
c) Societal norms
d) Unconscious conflicts
b) Integrating multiple perspectives
What does the cognitive perspective emphasize?
a) Biological dysfunctions
b) Observable behaviors
c) Internal thought processes
d) Societal norms
c) Internal thought processes
How does the psychodynamic perspective view abnormal behavior?
a) As learned behaviors
b) As results of unconscious conflicts
c) As societal influences
d) As biological dysfunctions
b) As results of unconscious conflicts
What is a limitation of the statistical rarity criterion?
a) It does not consider societal norms
b) It includes too many positive deviations
c) It ignores personal distress
d) It is too precise
b) It includes too many positive deviations
What is a key idea in the biopsychosocial model?
a) Only biological factors are important
b) Only psychological factors are important
c) Multiple factors including biological, psychological, and social are important
d) Only social factors are important
c) Multiple factors including biological, psychological, and social are important
How does the cognitive perspective differ from the behavioral perspective?
a) It ignores internal processes
b) It focuses on internal thought processes
c) It emphasizes societal norms
d) It studies unconscious conflicts
b) It focuses on internal thought processes
What is the primary criticism of the psychoanalytic perspective?
a) It focuses too much on biological factors
b) It is not empirically testable
c) It ignores societal influences
d) It emphasizes observable behaviors only
b) It is not empirically testable
What is the focus of community psychology?
a) Individual therapy
b) Social and environmental factors
c) Biological interventions
d) Cognitive restructuring
b) Social and environmental factors
What is an example of a defense mechanism?
a) Rationalization
b) Cognitive restructuring
c) Behavioral modification
d) Social learning
a) Rationalization
Which perspective is associated with the concept of ‘libido’?
a) Cognitive
b) Behavioral
c) Sociocultural
d) Psychoanalytic
d) Psychoanalytic
What does the term ‘psychosis’ refer to?
a) Mild anxiety disorders
b) Loss of contact with reality
c) Behavioral modifications
d) Cognitive distortions
b) Loss of contact with reality
What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy?
a) To change observable behaviors
b) To uncover and understand unconscious conflicts
c) To address societal norms
d) To modify cognitive distortions
b) To uncover and understand unconscious conflicts
How does the biological perspective view mental disorders?
a) As learned behaviors
b) As results of societal norms
c) As underlying biological dysfunctions
d) As conscious thought processes
c) As underlying biological dysfunctions
What does the DSM-5 stand for?
a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
b) Diagnostic and Societal Manual of Mental Health
c) Diagnostic and Sociocultural Manual of Disorders
d) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Health
a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which approach emphasizes the role of cognitive distortions in mental disorders?
a) Behavioral
b) Cognitive
c) Sociocultural
d) Psychodynamic
b) Cognitive
What was the first known attempt at classifying mental illnesses?
a) Kraepelin’s classification
b) Hippocrates’ hypothesis of humours
c) Freud’s psychoanalysis
d) Pavlov’s conditioning
b) Hippocrates’ hypothesis of humours
How did Kraepelin’s classification differ from earlier attempts?
a) It focused on symptoms and underlying causes
b) It ignored biological factors
c) It emphasized societal norms
d) It studied learned behaviors
a) It focused on symptoms and underlying causes
What is the primary criticism of the statistical rarity criterion?
a) It does not consider societal norms
b) It includes too many positive deviations
c) It ignores personal distress
d) It is too precise
b) It includes too many positive deviations
What is the main limitation of the norm violation criterion?
a) It does not include personal distress
b) It overlaps with statistical rarity
c) It can be used to oppress non-conformist behaviors
d) It ignores biological factors
c) It can be used to oppress non-conformist behaviors
Which perspective focuses on the unconscious mind?
a) Cognitive
b) Behavioral
c) Psychodynamic
d) Sociocultural
c) Psychodynamic
