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NR-NUR121 | Mother and Child Nursing (MCN) > [4] PROCESS OF CONCEPTION AND EARLY FETAL DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

[4] PROCESS OF CONCEPTION AND EARLY FETAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis results in the production of ___ or ___, which are exact copies of the original cells

A

diploid body; somatic cells

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2
Q

In mature individuals, this is the process by which our body cells continue to divide and replace themselves

A

mitosis

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3
Q

Meiosis is a process of cell division leading to the development of ___ and ___ needed to produce a new organism

A

eggs and sperm

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4
Q

The gametes must have a haploid number (___) of chromosomes so that when the female gamete (___) and the male gamete (___) unite to form the ___ or a fertilized ovum.

A

23; egg or ovum; sperm or spermatozoon; zygote

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5
Q

Meiosis occur during ___, the process by which germ cells, or ___, are produced.

A

gametogenesis; gametes

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6
Q

The normal human diploid number of chromosomes (___) is re-established

A

46

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7
Q

Time Period: from ovulation to fertilization

A

Ovum

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8
Q

Time Period: from fertilization to implantation

A

Zygote

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9
Q

Time Period: from implantation to 5-8 weeks

A

Embryo

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10
Q

Time Period: from 5-8 weeks until term

A

Fetus

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11
Q

Time Period: developing embryo or fetus and placental structures

A

Conceptus

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12
Q

Steps of Conception:
1. ___ transport
2. ___ transport
3. ___ and ___ development
4. ___ and ___ development

A
  1. Sperm Transport
  2. Egg Transport
  3. Fertilization and Zygote Development
  4. Implantation and Embryo Development
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13
Q

The sperm must be ___ and transported to the ___

A

deposited; site of fertilization

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14
Q

The sperm consists of a ___, ___ or mid-section/midpiece, and a ___.

A

head; body; tail

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15
Q

Each of these parts is equipped with ___ and ___ that allow the sperm as a whole to function properly

A

various molecules; smaller structure

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16
Q

A normal sperm head has a ___ and ___ shape

A

smooth; oval

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17
Q

This is the most important part of the cell given that it contains the nucleus

A

Sperm Head

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18
Q

This is a thin, elongated structure of the sperm

A

Tail

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18
Q

This is the central part of the sperm cell between the head and the tail

A

Mid-section/Midpiece

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19
Q

The mid-section makes up about ___ percent of the total sperm length

A

10%

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20
Q

The tail makes up about ___ of the entire sperm length

A

80%

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21
Q

The first step in egg transport is ___ by the uterine tube

A

capture of the ovulated egg

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21
Q

Ovulation must occur and the egg must be ___ by the ___

A

“picked up”; uterine tube

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22
Q

When inside the uterine tube, the egg is transported towards the ___, mainly as the result of contractions of the ___ of the tubal wall

A

uterus; smooth musculature

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23
Q

Egg transport occurs in two phases:
- Slow transport in the ___ for approximately ___
- More rapid phase for 8 hours during which the egg or embryo passes through the isthmus and into the uterus

A

Slow transport in the ampulla for approximately 72 hours

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23
Q

Tubal transport of the egg usually takes ___, whether or not fertilization occurs

A

3-4 days

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24
Q

Site of fertlization: ____ poriton of the ____

A

Ampullar portion of the fallopian tube

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25
Q

The union between the sperm and egg must result in the process of ___

A

Conception

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25
Q

Egg transport occurs in two phases:
- Slow transport in the ampulla for approximately 72 hours
- More rapid phase for ____ which the egg or embryo passes through the ____ and into the ____

A

More rapid phase for 8 hours during which the egg or embryo passes through the isthmus and into the uterus

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26
Q

This is the process by which a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a diploid cell or zygote

A

Fertilization

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26
Q

Other terms used to include: (3)

A

Conception, impregnation, fecundation

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27
Q

Preparation for Fertilization - High levels of estrogen cause:
- ____ within ____ helping ovum
- ____ of ____ facilitating movement of the sperm

A
  • Peristalsis within fallopian tubes helping ovum
  • Thinning of cervical mucus facilitating movement of the sperm
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28
Q

Preparation for Fertilization - Two layers of tissue surrounding the ovum’s cell membrane:
- cell membrane called ____
- gaseous corona called ____

A

Preparation for Fertilization - Two layers of tissue surrounding the ovum’s cell membrane:
- cell membrane called Zona Pellucida
- gaseous corona called Corona Radiata

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29
Q

Preparation for Fertilization - Ova considered fertile for about ____ after ovulation

A

Ova considered fertile for about 12-24 hours after ovulation

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29
Q

Preparation for Fertilization - Sperm can survive in female reproductive tract for ____ but are believed to be healthy for about ____

A

Sperm can survive in female reproductive tract for 48-72 hours but are believed to be healthy for about 24 hours

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30
Q

Sperm must undergo two processes before fertilization can occur: ____ and ____

A

Capacitation and Acrosomal Reaction

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31
Q

Capacitation is the removal of ____ and loss of ____

A

Plasma membrane; Seminal plasma CHON

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32
Q

Capacitation occurs in ____ and is thought to take about ____

A

Female reproductive tract; 7 hours

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33
Q

Acrosomal Reaction follows capacitation and is the process of ____ their enzymes to break down the ____ of the ovum

A

releasing; corona radiate

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34
Q

The Moment of Fertilization - occurs as ____

A

Nuclei unite

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35
Q

The Moment of Fertilization - ____ contains new combination of genetic material resulting in ____ from either parent and from anyone else

A

zygote; individual different

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36
Q

The Moment of Fertilization: ____ is determined

A

Sex of Zygote

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37
Q

Cellular Multiplication

A

Cleavage ➡️ Morula ➡️ Blastocyst

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38
Q

Implantation is the process that involving the attachment or ____, penetration or ____, and embedding or ____ of the blastocyst in the lining of the uterine wall

A
  • Attachment or Apposition
  • Penetration or Adhesion
  • Embedding or Invasion
39
Q

The frequent site of attachment for implantation is the ____ of the ____ uterine wall

A

Upper Part of the Posterior uterine wall

40
Q

Under the influence of ____, the ____ increases in thickness and vascularity and is called the ____

A

progesterone; endometrium; decidua

41
Q

Implantation occurs approximately ____ after fertilization

A

7-10 days

42
Q

Implantation of a 7 1/2-day blastocyst in which the cells of the ____ are separated from the ____ by ____

A

embryonic disc; amnion; fluid-filled space

43
Q

The erosion of the ____ by the ____ is ongoing

A

endometrium; syncytiotrophoblast

44
Q

Implanatation is completed by ____, and the ____ is beginning to form a discrete layer beneath the ____

A

Day 9; extraembryonic mesoderm; cytotrophoblast

45
Q

By ____, the embryo shows all the ____, a ____, and an ____

A

Day 16; three germ layers; yolk sac; allantois

allaintois collects liquid waste from the embryo

46
Q

The ____ and associated ____ have become the ____, and ____ are developing

A

The cytotrophoblast and associated mesoderm have become the chorion, and chorionic villi are developing

the chorion and respective structures protect and nurture the embryo

47
Q

Germ Layer: skin structures such as the epidermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, and hair follicles

A

Ectoderm

48
Q

Germ Layer: structures such as the lens of the eye and sensory epithelium

A

Ectoderm

49
Q

Germ Layer: the pituitary and mammary glands

A

Ectoderm

49
Q

Germ Layer: the central and peripheral nervous systems

A

Ectoderm

50
Q

Germ Layer: oral structures such as the nasal cavity and the oral glands and tooth enamel

A

Ectoderm

51
Q

Germ layer: the dermis

A

Mesoderm

52
Q

Germ Layer: the wall of the digestive tract and urinary structures such as the kidneys and ureter

A

Mesoderm

53
Q

Germ Layer: the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system

A

Mesoderm

53
Q

Germ Layer: the reproductive organs and connective tissues

A

Mesoderm

54
Q

Germ Layer: structures such as the pleura, lymphatic tissue and cells, and the spleen

A

Mesoderm

55
Q

Germ Layer: the respiratory tract epithelium except the nasal

A

Endoderm

56
Q

Germ Layer: GI strucutures such as the lining of the digestive tract and the primary tissue of the liver and pancreas

A

Endoderm

57
Q

Germ Layer: urinary structures such as the urethra and associated glands, urinary bladder, and vagina

A

Endoderm

58
Q

This is the first and outermost embryonic membrane

A

Chorion

59
Q

The chorion encircles the ____, ____, and ____

A

Amnion, embryo, and yolk sac

60
Q

Amniotic fluid is slightly ____

A

Alkaline

60
Q

The amnion originates from the ____ and is a thin protective membrane containing the ____

A

ectoderm; amniotic fluid

60
Q

As the embryo grows, the ____ expands until it comes into contact with the ____ forming the ____

A

amnion; chorion; bag of water

60
Q

The chorion develops from the ____ and has many finger-like projections called the ____

A

trophoblast; chorionic villi

61
Q

Functions of the Amniotic Fluid:
1. Protects ____ againts ____
2. Control the embryo’s ____
3. Permits ____ external growth
4. Prevents ____ to the embryo-fetus
5. Allows ____

A
  1. Protects embryo againts mechanical injury
  2. Control the embryo’s temperature
  3. Permits symmetrical external growth
  4. Prevents adherence of the amnion to the embryo-fetus
  5. Allows freedom of movement
62
Q

Contents of the amniotic fluid: (11)

A
  1. albumin
  2. uric acid
  3. ceratinine
  4. lecithin
  5. sphingomyelin
  6. bilirubin
  7. vernix
  8. leukocytes
  9. epethelial cells
  10. enzymes
  11. lanugo (fine hair)
63
Q

The amount of amniotic fluid at 10 weeks is about ____

A

30 mL

64
Q

The amount of amniotic fluid increases to ____ at 20 weeks

A

350 mL

65
Q

After 20 weeks, the volume of amniotic fluid ranges from ____

A

700-1000 mL

66
Q

A fetus swallows up to ____ every ____

A

600 mL every 24 hours

67
Q

About ____ of amniotic fluid flows out of the ____ each day

A

400 mL; fetal lungs

68
Q

This is the excessive amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus

A

Polyhydramnios

69
Q

The yolk sac develops as a ____ in the ____ on about day ____ after conception

A

second cavity; blastocyst; day 8 or 9

70
Q

The yolk sac provides source of ____ until the embryo’s hematopoietic system is mature

A

RBC

71
Q

The ____ atrophies and remains as a thin white streak discrenible in the cord at birth

A

Yolk Sac

72
Q

The umbilical cord is ____ in length and ____ in diameter or thickness

A

55 cm in length; 2 cm in diameter

72
Q

The umbilical cord contains ____ that prevents pressure in the cord

A

Wharton’s Jelly

72
Q

The placenta has two portions: the ____ and ____

A

Maternal Portion and Fetal Portion

73
Q

After ____ weeks of gestation, the placenta is about ____ in diameter, ____ in thickness, and weighs approximately ____

A

20 weeks of gestation
* 15-20 cm in diameter
* 2.5-3 cm in thickness
* 400-600 grams

73
Q

The umbilical cord contains 3 vessels: ____ umbilical vein and ____ umbilical arteries

A

1 vein, 2 arteries

74
Q

The placenta is the means of ____ and ____ between the embryonic and maternal circulation

A

metabolic; nutrient exhange

75
Q

The fetal portion consists of ____, with ____ apperance due to amnion

A

chorionic villi and their circulation; white and shiny

75
Q

The maternal portion consists of ____; surface is ____

A

decidua basalis and its circulation; red and flesh-like

75
Q

The development of the placenta begins with the ____

A

chorionic villi

75
Q

Two trophoblastic layers appear, namely the ____ which is the outer layer, and the ____ which is the inner layer

A
  • Syncytium - outer
  • Cytotrophoblast - inner
76
Q

The Syncytium is the ____ layer of the placenta and secretes the ____ of pregnancy

A

functional; placental hormones

77
Q

The cytotrophoblast thins out and disappears about the ____, leaving only a single layer of ____ covering the ____

A

5th month; syncytium; chorionic villi

78
Q

A third inner layer of connective mesoderm forms the ____

A

anchoring villi

79
Q

The anchoring villi eventually forms the ____ that divide the placenta into ____ segments called ____

A

septa; 15-20 segments; cotyledons

80
Q

The ____ in the cotyledons form a complex ____ structure

A

branching villi; vascular

81
Q

____ invades the ____ of the endometrium, first opening the ____ and later opening the large ____

A
  1. Proliferaing trophoblast;
  2. decidua basalis;
  3. uterine capillaries;
  4. uterine vessels
81
Q

By the ____ week, the placenta has began to function as a means of metabolic exchange

A

4th week

81
Q

By ____, the placenta becomes a ____ organ

A

14th week; discrete organ

82
Q

Fetal blood flows through the two ____ to the capillaries of the ____ then flows back through the ____ into the fetus

A

umbilical arteries; villi; umbilical vein

83
Q

Late in pregnancy, ____ can be heard over the area of the umbilical cord

A

Funic Souffle

84
Q

Maternal blood spurts from the ____ into the ____

A

spinal uterine arteries; intervillous spaces

85
Q

A ____ is also heard just above the mother’s ____ during the ____ of pregnancy

A

uterine souffle; symphysis pubis; last months

85
Q

____ are believed to facilitate placental circulation

A

Braxton Hicks contraction

called ‘false labor’ and are strong but irregular contractions

86
Q

Placental Functions - The placenta has metabolic activities such as:
- producing ____, ____, and ____ for fetal use and hormone production
- breaking down ____ and ____
- storing ____ and ____

A
  • producing glycogen, cholesterol, and fatty acids for fetal use and hormone production
  • breaking down epinephrine and histamine
  • storing glycogen and iron
87
Q

Placental Functions - The placenta has transport functions such as: (4)

A
  1. diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
  4. pinocytosis

pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis that absorbs small particles from the extracellular fluid

87
Q

Placental Functions - The placenta produces horomones vital to the survival of the fetus, which include: (4)

A
  1. hCG
  2. progesterone
  3. estrogen
  4. hPL

hcg - human chorionic gonadotropin
hpl - human placental lactogen

88
Q

Placental Functions - The placenta has immunologic properties. For instance:
1. The placenta and embryo appear ____ from immunologic reaction by the host
2. One theory suggests that ____ is immunologically ____ or protects antibody formation

A
  1. The placenta and embryo appear exempt from immunologic reaction by the host
  2. One theory suggests that trophoblastic tissue is immunologically inert or protects antibody formation

NR-NUR121 | Mother and Child Nursing (MCN) (13 decks)

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