[12] PRELIMS | COMMON DISCOMFORTS OF PREGNANCY Flashcards
- Increased levels of HCG
- Changes in carbohydrate metabolism
- Emotional factors
- Fatigue
NAUSEA & VOMITING
FIRST TRIMESTER
NAUSEA & VOMITING - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Increased levels of ____
- Changes in ____
- ____ factors
- ____
- Increased levels of HCG
- Changes in carbohydrate metabolism
- Emotional factors
- Fatigue
NAUSEA & VOMITING - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Avoid ____ or ____ factors. Eat ____ or ____ before arising in morning
- If extremely nauseated, try ____
- Have ____ meals.
- ____ throughout the day
- Avoid ____ food
- Avoid odors or causative factors. Eat dry crackers or toast before arising in morning
- If extremely nauseated, try BRAT diet
- Have small but frequent meals.
- Sips of fluids throughout the day
- Avoid spicy, fried, greasy foods or highly seasoned food
Pressure of uterus on bladder in both first & third Trimesters
URINARY FREQUENCY
FIRST TRIMESTER
URINARY FREQUENCY - FIRST TRIMESTER
Pressure of uterus on bladder in both ____
Pressure of uterus on bladder in both first & third Trimesters
URINARY FREQUENCY - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Void when ____
- ____ fluid intake during the day
- ____ fluid intake only in the evening to ____
- Don’t wear ____.
- Encouraged to ____
- Reduce the amount of ____
- Void when urge is felt
- Increase fluid intake during the day
- Decrease fluid intake only in the evening to decrease nocturia
- Don’t wear tight-fitting underwear, pants, or pantyhose.
- Encouraged to empty her bladder frequently
- Reduce the amount of caffeine
- Specific causative factors unknown
- Hormonal changes – progesterone
- May be aggravated by nocturia due to urinary frequency
- Increased metabolic rate
FATIGUE
FIRST TRIMESTER
FATIGUE - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Specific causative factors ____
- Hormonal changes – ____
- May be aggravated by ____
- Increased ____
- Specific causative factors unknown
- Hormonal changes – progesterone
- May be aggravated by nocturia due to urinary frequency
- Increased metabolic rate
FATIGUE - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Plan time for ____ daily
- Go to bed ____.
- Seek ____ so that more time is available to rest
- ____ daily boosts your energy level
- Plan time for a nap or rest period daily
- Go to bed earlier.
- Seek family support & assistance with responsibilities so that more time is available to rest
- Moderate exercise daily boosts your energy level
Increased levels of estrogen & progesterone
BREAST TENDERNESS
FIRST TRIMESTER
BREAST TENDERNESS - FIRST TRIMESTER
Increased levels of ____
Increased levels of estrogen & progesterone
BREAST TENDERNESS - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Wear ____ bra.
- Try wearing a bra during ____.
- Use ____ or ____
- Wash your breasts with ____ that will not cause dryness.
- Wear well-fitting, supportive bra.
- Try wearing a bra during the night.
- Use gauze pads or nursing pads
- Wash your breasts with warm water and mild soap that will not cause dryness.
Hyperplasia of vaginal mucosa & increased production of mucus by the endocervical glands due to increase in estrogen levels
INCREASED VAGINAL DISCHARGE (LEUKORRHEA)
FIRST TRIMESTER
INCREASED VAGINAL DISCHARGE (LEUKORRHEA) - FIRST TRIMESTER
____ & increased production of ____ by the endocervical glands due to increase in ____ levels
Hyperplasia of vaginal mucosa & increased production of mucus by the endocervical glands due to increase in estrogen levels
INCREASED VAGINAL DISCHARGE (LEUKORRHEA) - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Promote ____ by ____.
- Avoid ____.
- Wearing ____ are more absorbent.
- Clean the ____ often with soap and water.
- Wipe yourself from ____.
- Wear a ____ to control the discharge do not to use ____
- Promote cleanliness by daily bathing.
- Avoid douching.
- Wearing cotton underpants are more absorbent.
- Clean the vaginal area often with soap and water.
- Wipe yourself from front to back.
- Wear a perineal pad to control the discharge do not to use tampons
Elevated estrogen levels
NASAL STUFFINESS AND NOSEBLEED (EPISTAXIS)
FIRST TRIMESTER
NASAL STUFFINESS AND NOSEBLEED (EPISTAXIS) - FIRST TRIMESTER
Elevated ____ levels
Elevated estrogen levels
NASAL STUFFINESS AND NOSEBLEED (EPISTAXIS) - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Apply a ____ to your ____ to reduce congestion.
- Avoid using ____.
- ____
- ____ while sleeping
- Use a ____ to add ____ to the air.
- Take a ____.
- Apply a warm, wet washcloth to your cheeks,eyes, and nose to reduce congestion.
- Avoid using nasal sprays.
- Drink plenty of fluids
- Elevate your head with an extra pillow while sleeping
- Use a humidifier or vaporizer to add moisture to the air.
- Take a warm shower or bath.
Increased estrogen levels
PALMAR ERYTHEMA
FIRST TRIMESTER
PALMAR ERYTHEMA - FIRST TRIMESTER
Increased ____ levels
Increased estrogen levels
PALMAR ERYTHEMA - FIRST TRIMESTER
- ____ lotion can be soothing
- Calamine lotion can be soothing
Specific causative factors unknown
PTYALISM (EXCESSIVE OFTEN BITTER SALIVATION)
FIRST TRIMESTER
PTYALISM (EXCESSIVE OFTEN BITTER SALIVATION) - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Use ____ mouthwashes, chew ____ or suck ____
- Use astringent mouthwashes, chew gum or suck hard candy
Pressure of uterus on the inferior vena cava, impairing blood return to the heart
HYPOTENSION
FIRST TRIMESTER
HYPOTENSION - FIRST TRIMESTER
Pressure of uterus on the ____, impairing ____ to the heart
Pressure of uterus on the inferior vena cava, impairing blood return to the heart
HYPOTENSION - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Sleep on their ____.
- If they can only fall asleep on their ____, they should insert a ____ under their ____ hip
- ____ and avoiding extended periods of ____
- If a woman should feel ____, sitting with her head
- Sleep on their side not their back.
- If they can only fall asleep on their back, they should insert a small firm pillow under their right hip
- Rising slowly and avoiding extended periods of standing
- If a woman should feel faint, sitting with her head
This is probably because of the circulatory adjustment necessary to accommodate her increased blood supply
HEART PALPITATION
FIRST TRIMESTER
HEART PALPITATION - FIRST TRIMESTER
This is probably because of the ____ necessary to accommodate her ____ blood supply
This is probably because of the circulatory adjustment necessary to accommodate her increased blood supply
HEART PALPITATION - FIRST TRIMESTER
____ will help prevent this from happening
Gradual, slow movements will help prevent this from happening
Abdominal pressure
ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORTS
FIRST TRIMESTER
ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORTS - FIRST TRIMESTER
- Avoid ____.
- If you have a sudden pain in your abdomen, ____ to relieve tension and relax the tissue.
- Apply a ____ to your back or take a ____
- Try a ____.
- ____.
- Avoid sharp turns or movements.
- If you have a sudden pain in your abdomen, bend forward to the point of pain to relieve tension and relax the tissue.
- Apply a warm water bottle or heating pad to your back or take a warm bath or shower
- Try a massage
- Drink enough fluids
- Increased production of progesterone decreasing GI motility & increasing relaxation of cardiac sphincter
- Displacement of stomach by enlarging uterus, thus regurgitation of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus
HEARTBURN (PYROSIS)
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
HEARTBURN (PYROSIS) - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Increased production of ____ decreasing ____ & increasing relaxation of ____
- ____ by enlarging uterus, thus ____ into the esophagus
- Increased production of progesterone decreasing GI motility & increasing relaxation of cardiac sphincter
- Displacement of stomach by enlarging uterus, thus regurgitation of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus
HEARTBURN (PYROSIS) - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Eat ____ meals.
- Eat ____
- Drink ____.
- Avoid ____, ____, ____ after eating, & ____.
- Keep the head of your bed ____ than the foot of your bed.
- Try to ____ at meals.
- Try ____.
- If maternal heartburn is severe, not relieved by antacids, and accompanied by gastrointestinal reflux, an ____ may be indicated
- Eat small & more frequent meals.
- Eat Slowly
- Drink warm liquids.
- Avoid overeating, fatty & fried food, lying down after eating, & sodium bicarbonate.
- Keep the head of your bed higher than the foot of your bed.
- Try to separate liquids and solids at meals.
- Try heartburn relievers.
- If maternal heartburn is severe, not relieved by antacids, and accompanied by gastrointestinal reflux, an antisecretory agent (H2 blocker) may be indicated
- Increased levels of progesterone, which cause general bowel sluggishness
- Pressure of enlarging uterus on intestine
- Iron supplements
- Diet, lack of exercise & decreased fluids
CONSTIPATION
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
CONSTIPATION - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Increased levels of ____, which cause ____
- Pressure of enlarging uterus on ____
- ____ supplements
- ____, lack of ____ & decreased ____
- Increased levels of progesterone, which cause general bowel sluggishness
- Pressure of enlarging uterus on intestine
- Iron supplements
- Diet, lack of exercise & decreased fluids
CONSTIPATION - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Increase ____, ____ in the diet & ____
- Develop regular ____.
- Use ____ as recommended by physician
- Increase fluid intake, fiber in the diet & exercise
- Develop regular bowel habits.
- Use stool softeners as recommended by physician
- Imbalance of calcium/phosphorus ratio
- Increased pressure of uterus on nerves
- Fatigue
- Poor circulation to lower extremities
LEG CRAMPS (CHARLEY HORSE)
SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTER
LEG CRAMPS (CHARLEY HORSE) - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Imbalance of ____ ratio
- Increased pressure of uterus on ____
- ____
- Poor circulation to ____
- Imbalance of calcium/phosphorus ratio
- Increased pressure of uterus on nerves
- Fatigue
- Poor circulation to lower extremities
LEG CRAMPS (CHARLEY HORSE) - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Arise ____ from ____.
- Be sure to eat and drink foods that are rich in ____.
- Wear ____ shoes.
- Try wearing ____ but avoid any leg wear that is ____.
- ____ your legs when possible; avoid ____ your legs.
- ____ daily.
- ____ before going to bed.
- Avoid lying on your ____
- Apply ____ to affected muscle
- Practice ____ of feet & stretch affected muscle.
- Arise slowly from resting position.
- Be sure to eat and drink foods that are rich in calcium.
- Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes.
- Try wearing support hose but avoid any leg wear that is too tight.
- Elevate your legs when possible; avoid crossing your legs.
- Exercise daily.
- Stretch your legs before going to bed.
- Avoid lying on your back
- Apply heat to affected muscle
- Practice dorsiflexion of feet & stretch affected muscle.
- Venous congestion in the lower veins that increases with pregnancy.
- Heredity factors (weakening of walls of veins, faulty valves) Increased age & weight gain
VARICOSE VEINS
SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTER
VARICOSE VEINS - SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTER
- Venous congestion in the ____ that increases with pregnancy.
- Heredity factors (____ of veins, ____) Increased ____
- Venous congestion in the lower veins that increases with pregnancy.
- Heredity factors (weakening of walls of veins, faulty valves) Increased age & weight gain
VARICOSE VEINS - SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTER
- ____ legs frequently.
- Resting in ____
- Wear ____.
- Avoid crossing legs at the ____, ____ for long periods, ____, & hosiery with ____.
- ____ regularly
- Elevate legs frequently.
- Resting in sim’s
- Wear support stockings.
- Avoid crossing legs at the knees, standing for long periods, garters, & hosiery with constrictive bands.
- Exercise regularly
- Constipation
- Increased pressure from gravid uterus on hemorrhoidal veins
HEMORRHOIDS
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
HEMORRHOIDS - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Constipation
- Increased pressure from ____ on hemorrhoidal veins
- Constipation
- Increased pressure from gravid uterus on hemorrhoidal veins
HEMORRHOIDS - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Avoid ____
- ____ position for 10-15 min
- Apply ____, topical ointment, ____ agents, warm soaks, or sitz baths; gently reinsert into rectum, as necessary .
- Avoid ____ underwear, pants, or pantyhose
- Avoid constipation
- Knee-chest position for 10-15 min
- Apply ice packs, topical ointment, anesthetic agents, warm soaks, or sitz baths; gently reinsert into rectum, as necessary .
- Avoid tight-fitting underwear, pants, or pantyhose
- Increased curvature of the lumbosacral vertebrae as the uterus enlarges.
- Increased levels of hormones, which cause softening of cartilage in the body joints.
- Fatigue
- Poor body mechanics
BACKACHE
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
BACKACHE - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Increased curvature of the ____ as the uterus enlarges.
- Increased levels of hormones, which cause ____ in the body joints.
- Fatigue
- Poor ____
- Increased curvature of the lumbosacral vertebrae as the uterus enlarges.
- Increased levels of hormones, which cause softening of cartilage in the body joints.
- Fatigue
- Poor body mechanics
BACKACHE - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Use proper ____. Practice ____ exercise. Avoid uncomfortable working heights, high heeled shoes, lifting heavy loads, & fatigue
- Applying ____ compress
- Check that bed is ____.
- Sleepon ____ side with a pillow between legs for support.
- Use proper body mechanics. Practice pelvic tilt exercise. Avoid uncomfortable working heights, high heeled shoes, lifting heavy loads, & fatigue
- Applying warm compress
- Check that bed is firm.
- Sleepon left side with a pillow between legs for support.
- Decreased vital capacity from pressure of enlarging uterus on the diaphragm
DYSPNEA
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
DYSPNEA - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Decreased ____ from pressure of enlarging uterus on the diaphragm
- Decreased vital capacity from pressure of enlarging uterus on the diaphragm
DYSPNEA - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Use proper posture when sitting & standing
- Sleep ____ with pillow for relief if problem occurs at night.
- When walking, slow down and rest a few moments.
- Caution to limit activities during the day to prevent ____
- Use proper posture when sitting & standing
- Sleep propped up with pillow for relief if problem occurs at night.
- When walking, slow down and rest a few moments.
- Caution to limit activities during the day to prevent exertional dyspnea
- Prolonged standing & sitting
- Increased levels of sodium due to hormonal influences.
- Circulatory congestion of lower extremities.
- Increased capillary permeability.
- Varicose veins
ANKLE EDEMA
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
ANKLE EDEMA - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Prolonged standing & sitting
- Increased levels of ____ due to hormonal influences.
- ____ of lower extremities.
- Increased ____ permeability.
- ____ veins
- Prolonged standing & sitting
- Increased levels of sodium due to hormonal influences.
- Circulatory congestion of lower extremities.
- Increased capillary permeability.
- Varicose veins
ANKLE EDEMA - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Practice frequent ____ of feet when prolonged sitting or standing is necessary.
- Elevate legs when sitting or Resting for ____ min.
- Avoid tight garters or restrictive bands around legs. Don’t wear tight shoes
- Resting in a ____ position
- Avoid foods high in ____
- Keep your diet rich in ____
- Drink plenty of fluids
- Practice frequent dorsiflexion of feet when prolonged sitting or standing is necessary.
- Elevate legs when sitting or Resting for 30 min.
- Avoid tight garters or restrictive bands around legs.Don’t wear tight shoes
- Resting in a left side-lying position
- Avoid foods high in salt(sodium).
- Keep your diet rich in protein
- Drink plenty of fluids
- Increased activity of mother or baby.
- Touching of the maternal abdomen.
- Dehydration.
- Sexual intercourse.
- Distended maternal bladder.
BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTIONS
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTIONS - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Increased ____ of mother or baby.
- Touching of the maternal abdomen.
- ____.
- ____.
- Distended maternal ____.
- Increased activity of mother or baby.
- Touching of the maternal abdomen.
- Dehydration.
- Sexual intercourse.
- Distended maternal bladder.
BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTIONS - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Try to relax.
- Change ____.
- ____ if they do not go away.
- Try to relax.
- Change positions.
- Call your doctor if they do not go away.
- Postural hypotension
- Sudden change of position causing venous pooling in dependent veins
- Standing for long periods in warm area
- Anemia
FAINTNESS
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
FAINTNESS - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- ____
- Sudden change of position causing ____ in dependent veins
- Standing for long periods in ____ area
- ____
- Postural hypotension
- Sudden change of position causing venous pooling in dependent veins
- Standing for long periods in warm area
- Anemia
FAINTNESS - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Avoid prolonged standing in ____ environment
- Evaluate ____
- Lie on your ____ side to rest.
- Avoid sudden movements.
- Eat regular, small meals
- Drink plenty of water.
- Avoid prolonged standing in warm or stuffy environment
- Evaluate hematocrit & hemoglobin
- Lie on your left side to rest.
- Avoid sudden movements.
- Eat regular, small meals
- Drink plenty of water.
- Decreased GI motility leading to delayed emptying time.
- Pressure of growing uterus on large intestine
- Air swallowing
FLATULENCE
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
FLATULENCE - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Decreased ____ leading to delayed emptying time.
- Pressure of growing uterus on ____
- ____ swallowing
- Decreased GI motility leading to delayed emptying time.
- Pressure of growing uterus on large intestine
- Air swallowing
FLATULENCE - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Avoid gas-forming foods.
- Chew food ____.
- Get regular daily ____.
- Maintain normal bowel habits
- Avoid gas-forming foods.
- Chew food thoroughly.
- Get regular daily exercise.
- Maintain normal bowel habits
- The enlarged uterus
- An active fetus may influence urinary frequency shortness of breath, and leg cramps
DIFFICULTY SLEEPING
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
DIFFICULTY SLEEPING - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- The enlarged uterus
- An ____ may influence urinary frequency shortness of breath, and leg cramps
- The enlarged uterus
- An active fetus may influence urinary frequency shortness of breath, and leg cramps
DIFFICULTY SLEEPING - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Don’t take ____.
- Try drinking ____ at bedtime.
- Try taking a ____ or bath before bedtime
- Use extra pillows for support while sleeping
- Don’t take sleepmedication.
- Try drinking warm milk at bedtime.
- Try taking a warm shower or bath before bedtime
- Use extra pillows for support while sleeping
- Compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel of wrist aggravated by repetitive hand movements
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Compression of ____ in carpal tunnel of wrist aggravated by repetitive hand movements
- Compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel of wrist aggravated by repetitive hand movements
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Avoid ____ hand movements.
- Use splint as prescribed
- Avoid aggravating hand movements.
- Use splint as prescribed
- Expanding blood volume which puts pressure on cerebral arteries
- Eye strain or tension
HEADACHE
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
HEADACHE - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Expanding blood volume which puts pressure on ____
- Eye strain or tension
- Expanding blood volume which puts pressure on cerebral arteries
- Eye strain or tension
HEADACHE - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Put an ice pack on ____ or the ____.
- Rest, sit, or lie quietly in a ____ room
- Put an ice pack on forehead or the back of the neck.
- Rest, sit, or lie quietly in a low-lit room
- Collagen and elastin stretch and snap during pregnancydue to the pressure of rapid weight gain
PREGNANCY STRETCH MARKS
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
PREGNANCY STRETCH MARKS - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- ____ and ____ stretch and snap during pregnancydue to the pressure of rapid weight gain
- Collagen and elastin stretch and snap during pregnancydue to the pressure of rapid weight gain
PREGNANCY STRETCH MARKS - SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER
- Be sure that diet contains ____needed for healthy skin
- Apply ____ to the skin to keep it soft and reduce dryness.
- ____.
- Be sure that diet contains enough sources of the nutrientsneeded for healthy skin
- Apply lotion to the skin to keep it soft and reduce dryness.
- Exercise daily.