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NR-NUR121 | Mother and Child Nursing (MCN) > [23] FINALS | TODDLER > Flashcards

[23] FINALS | TODDLER Flashcards

1
Q

1-3 years old

A

TODDLER

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2
Q

TODDLER

  • w____, t____ young children
  • with a growing sense of a____
  • time of intense environmental exploration
  • period of t____ and s____
  • temper tantrums, negativism and obstinacy
A
  • walking, talking young children
  • with a growing sense of autonomy
  • time of intense environmental exploration
  • period of toilet training and sibling rivalry
  • temper tantrums, negativism and obstinacy
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3
Q

PROPORTIONAL CHANGES

HEIGHT

  • ____ rate of increase
  • elongation of ____
  • Average: ____ cm
  • Growth: ____ cm /year
A

HEIGHT

  • slow rate of increase
  • elongation of legs
  • Average: 86.6 cm
  • Growth: 7.5 cm /year
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4
Q

PROPORTIONAL CHANGES

WEIGHT

  • Average yearly wt. gain: ____ kg
  • Average weight: ____ kg
A

WEIGHT

  • Average yearly wt. gain: 1.8- 2.7 kg
  • Average weight: 12 kg
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5
Q

PROPORTIONAL CHANGES

HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE

  • at 1 to 2 years old: equal to ____ circumference
  • total increase during the second year: ____ cm
  • rate of increase slows until 5 y/o - less than ____ cm/ year
  • between 12 and 18 months old: ____ closes
A

HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE

  • at 1 to 2 years old: equal to chest circumference
  • total increase during the second year: 2.5 cm
  • rate of increase slows until 5 y/o - less than 1.25 cm/ year
  • between 12 and 18 months old: anterior fontanel closes
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6
Q

PROPORTIONAL CHANGES

CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE

  • continues to increase in size and exceeds ____
  • after second year: exceeds the ____ measurement
A

CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE

  • continues to increase in size and exceeds head circumference
  • after second year: exceeds the abdominal measurement
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7
Q

SENSORY CHANGES

  • Sight: ____ continues to develop; well-developed full binocular vision
    -____/____
  • Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch: become increasingly well-developed
  • Taste: with specific t____
  • ____: increased sensation
A
  • Sight: depth perception continues to develop, well-developed full binocular vision
    -20/40
  • Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch: become increasingly well-developed
  • Taste: with specific taste preferences
  • Feet: increased sensation
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8
Q

MATURATION OF SYSTEMS

NERVOUS

  • almost complete ____ of spinal cord
  • increased attention span
  • develops to about ____% of adult size
A

NERVOUS

  • almost complete myelination of spinal cord
  • increased attention span
  • develops to about 90% of adult size
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9
Q

MATURATION OF SYSTEMS

CARDIOVASCULAR

  • HR= ____ bpm
    BP = ____ mmHg
A

CARDIOVASCULAR

  • HR= 90 bpm
    BP = 99/64 mmHg
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10
Q

MATURATION OF SYSTEMS

REPIRATORY

  • slightly slow; a____
  • volume continue to increase
A

REPIRATORY

  • slightly slow; abdominal
  • volume continue to increase
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11
Q

MATURATION OF SYSTEMS

DIGESTIVE

  • fairly complete
  • increased s____
  • increased a____
  • control of e____
A

DIGESTIVE

  • fairly complete
  • increased stomach capacity
  • increased acidity
  • control of elimination
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12
Q

MATURATION OF SYSTEMS

INTEGUMENTARY

  • functionally matures
  • minimum s____ and s____ production
  • h____ of muscle cells
A

INTEGUMENTARY

  • functionally matures
  • minimum sebum and sweat production
  • hyperplasia of muscle cells
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13
Q

MATURATION OF SYSTEMS

IMMUNE

  • efficient p____
  • well establsihed a____ production
  • ____ immunity disappears
A

IMMUNE

  • efficient phagocytosis
  • well establsihed antibody production
  • passive immunity disappears
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14
Q

MATURATION OF SYSTEMS

THERMOREGULATION

  • learns mechanisms to control body temperature
  • can conserve ____
A

THERMOREGULATION

  • learns mechanisms to control body temperature
  • can conserve core body temperature
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15
Q

GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

  • ____ years old: can climb the stairs with support
  • By the end of ____ years old: can climb the stairs w/o support
  • Can do an ____ pass of a ball w/o losing balance
A
  • 2 years old: can climb the stairs with support
  • By the end of 2 years old: can climb the stairs w/o support
  • Can do an overhead pass of a ball w/o losing balance
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16
Q

FINE MOTOR SKILLS

  • 18 months: can build at leat ____ building blocks
  • 36 months: can build ____ building blocks
  • 36 months: toddlers can now ____ by themselves
A
  • 18 months: can build at leat 5-6 building blocks
  • 36 months: can build 7-8 building blocks
  • 36 months: toddlers can now eat by themselves
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17
Q

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

  • Age: ____ Childhood
  • Stage of Development: A____ vs. S____
  • Development task: p____ training & s____
A
  • Age: Early Childhood
  • Stage of Development: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
  • Development task: Potty training & Self-maintenance
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18
Q

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

  • Stage: Anal
  • Age: ____ years old
  • Focus of Libido: A____
  • Major Development: T____
  • Adult Fixation Example: O____ & Messiness
A
  • Stage: Anal
  • Age: 1-3 years old
  • Focus of Libido: Anus
  • Major Development: Toilet Training
  • Adult Fixation Example: Orderliness & Messiness
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19
Q

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

  • ____ Stage: birth - 2 years old
  • ____ Stage: 2 - 7 years old
A
  • Sensorimotor Stage: birth - 2 years old
  • Preoperational Stage: 2 - 7 years old
20
Q

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

  • Can identify who is Mommy or Daddy
  • Can differentiate between genders
  • Can distinguish between stereotypes of genders
A

SEX ROLE BEHAVIOR

21
Q

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

  • At 15-18 months
  • Mimics household chores around the house
A

DOMESTIC MIMICRY

22
Q

MORAL DEVELOPMENT

  • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
  • Description: ____ determined by rewards/punishment
  • Stage 1: ____; Whatever leads to punishment is wrong
  • Stage 2: ____; The right way to behave is the way that is rewarded
A
  • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
  • Description: Right and wrong determined by rewards/punishment
  • Stage 1: Punishment/Obedience; Whatever leads to punishment is wrong
  • Stage 2: Rewards; The right way to behave is the way that is rewarded
23
Q

SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT

  • vague idea of ____ and religious teachings
  • learn about God through the ____
  • ____ = something special
  • near the end of toddlerhood: some advancement of understanding of God
A
  • vague idea of God and religious teachings
  • learn about God through the words and actions of those closest to them
  • God = something special
  • near the end of toddlerhood: some advancement of understanding of God
24
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF BODY IMAGE

  • recognize usefulness of ____
  • gradually learn ____ of body parts
  • at 2 years old
    –recognize g____
    –refer to self by name
  • at 3 years old
    –G____ is developed.
A
  • recognize usefulness of body parts
  • gradually learn names of body parts
  • at 2 years old
    –recognize gender differences
    –refer to self by name
  • at 3 years old
    –Gender identity is developed.
25
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER IDENTITY

  • explore their bodies
  • touching certain body parts - pleasurable
  • G____ (masturbation) can occur.
A
  • explore their bodies
  • touching certain body parts - pleasurable
  • Genital fondling (masturbation) can occur.
26
Q

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

  • major task: d____
    –separation (from parent)
    –individualization
  • Greater ____ - can eat by themselves, change clothes, do household chores
  • T____: objects that lessen separation anxiety from parent
A
  • major task: differentiation
    –separation (from parent)
    –individualization
  • Greater independence - can eat by themselves, change clothes, do household chores
  • Transitional objects: objects that lessen separation anxiety from parent
27
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

TOILET TRAINING

  • C____ readiness
  • P____ readiness
  • M____ readiness
  • Bowel readiness: ____ months
  • B____ readiness
A

TOILET TRAINING

  • Cognitive readiness
  • Psychologic readiness
  • Motor readiness
  • Bowel readiness: 20-22 months
  • Bladder readiness
28
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

TOILET TRAINING

  • well-balanced diet - promote high ____ diets to prevent constipation
  • Begin the readiness phase of t____ by teaching the child about how the body functions in relation to voiding and having a stool.
  • Consider child’s c____, p____ or use of the toilet.
A

TOILET TRAINING

  • well-balanced diet - promote high fiber diets to prevent constipation
  • Begin the readiness phase of toilet training by teaching the child about how the body functions in relation to voiding and having a stool.
  • Consider child’s clothing, potty chair or use of the toilet.
29
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

TOILET TRAINING

  • Limit practice sessions to ____ minutes.
  • Stay with the child.
  • Practice s____ habits after every session.
  • Praise children for c____ behavior and successful e____.
A

TOILET TRAINING

  • Limit practice sessions to 5-8 minutes.
  • Stay with the child.
  • Practice sanitary habits after every session.
  • Praise children for cooperative behavior and successful elimination.
30
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

HOW DO I KNOW MY CHILD IS READY FOR TOILET TRAINING?

  • P____ readiness
  • P____ readiness
  • P____ readiness
  • M____ readiness
A

HOW DO I KNOW MY CHILD IS READY FOR TOILET TRAINING?

  • Physical readiness
  • Psychologic readiness
  • Parental readiness
  • Mental readiness
31
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

SIBLING RIVALRY

  • Talk about the new baby when the toddlers become aware of the pregnancy and the changes occurring in the home in anticipation of the new member.
  • Stress what a____ there would be when the new child arrives.
  • Allow toddlers to help with the c____.
A

SIBLING RIVALRY

  • Talk about the new baby when the toddlers become aware of the pregnancy and the changes occurring in the home in anticipation of the new member.
  • Stress what activities there would be when the new child arrives.
  • Allow toddlers to help with the care of the newborn.
32
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

TEMPER TANTRUMS

  • best approach:
    –c____
    –developmentally appropriate e____ and r____
  • Ignore behavior during t____.
  • Offer the child options instead of an ‘’____” position.
  • Give comfort once the child is able to control e____ but not giving in to the original request.
  • Praise the child for positive behavior when he or she is not having a tantrums.
A

TEMPER TANTRUMS

  • best approach:
    –consistency
    –developmentally appropriate expectations and rewards
  • Ignore behavior during tantrums.
  • Offer the child options instead of an ‘’all or none” position.
  • Give comfort once the child is able to control emotions but not giving in to the original request.
  • Praise the child for positive behavior when he or she is not having a tantrums.
33
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

NEGATIVISM

  • assertion of c____
  • subsides as most children prepare for preschool and enter ____
  • approach: reduce the opportunities to a “____” answer
A

NEGATIVISM

  • assertion of control
  • subsides as most children prepare for preschool and enter kindergarten
  • approach: reduce the opportunities to a “no” answer
34
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

STRESS

  • Lack of S____
  • S____
  • S____ anxiety
  • S____ anxiety
  • N____
  • R____
  • R____
  • Toilet training
  • Bedtime
  • Tantrums
  • S____ object
  • O____
  • Illness & hospitalization
  • V____
A

STRESS

  • Lack of sociability
  • Self-centeredness
  • Separation anxiety
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Negativism
  • Regression
  • Rigidity
  • Toilet training
  • Bedtime
  • Tantrums
  • Security object
  • Overdoing
  • Illness & hospitalization
  • Violence
35
Q

COPING WITH CONCERNS R/T GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

STRESS

  • ____ amounts of stress – beneficial
  • ____ stress - destructive
  • Parents must be aware of the signs of stress and be able to identify the source.
  • best approach: p____
    –Monitor the amount of stress.
    –Increase r____ periods.
    –Prepare child for c____.
    –Help child cope with stress.
    –P____
    –use of relaxation and imagery
A

STRESS

  • small amounts of stress – beneficial
  • excessive stress - destructive
  • Parents must be aware of the signs of stress and be able to identify the source.
  • best approach: prevention
    –Monitor the amount of stress.
    –Increase rest periods.
    –Prepare child for change.
    –Help child cope with stress.
    –Play
    –use of relaxation and imagery
36
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

NUTRITION
12 to 18 months old:

  • ____ need for calories, protein, and fluid
  • CHON requirement: ____ g/kg
  • Caloric requirement: ____ kcal/kg
  • slightly increased requirements for most vitamins and minerals
  • milk intake: average of ____ cups/day
A

NUTRITION
12 to 18 months old:

  • decreased need for calories, protein, and fluid
  • CHON requirement: 1.2 g/kg
  • Caloric requirement: 102 kcal/kg
  • slightly increased requirements for most vitamins and minerals
  • milk intake: average of 2-3 cups/day
37
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

NUTRITION
18 months old:

  • decreased ____ need
  • physiologic a____
  • picky, fussy eaters with strong taste preference
A

NUTRITION
18 months old:

  • decreased nutritional need
  • physiologic anorexia
  • picky, fussy eaters with strong taste preference
38
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

NUTRITION
2-3 years old

  • with established e____
A

NUTRITION
2-3 years old

  • with established eating habits
39
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

NUTRITION

  • Make ____ enjoyable rather than times for discipline or family arguments.
  • Call children ____ min. before mealtime.
  • Offer ____ food than toddlers may eat and let the child ask for more .
  • Provide ____ for foods they do not enjoy.
A

NUTRITION

  • Make mealtimes enjoyable rather than times for discipline or family arguments.
  • Call children 15 min. before mealtime.
  • Offer less food than toddlers may eat and let the child ask for more .
  • Provide substitutions for foods they do not enjoy.
40
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

NUTRITION

  • Let them use the ____ dish, cup, or spoon every time they eat.
  • Use p____ dishes and cups.
  • Have a r____ mealtime schedule.
  • Introduce at least ____ items from the groups at each meal.
  • Allow them to eat with their ____ and enjoy foods of different colors and shapes.
A

NUTRITION

  • Let them use the same dish, cup, or spoon every time they eat.
  • Use plastic dishes and cups.
  • Have a regular mealtime schedule.
  • Introduce at least three items from the groups at each meal.
  • Allow them to eat with their fingers and enjoy foods of different colors and shapes.
41
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

SLEEP AND ACTIVITY
2 years old

  • total sleep time decreases slightly, average of about ____ hours a day
  • ____ nap/day
A

SLEEP AND ACTIVITY
2 years old

  • total sleep time decreases slightly, average of about 12 hours a day
  • one nap/day
42
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

SLEEP AND ACTIVITY
By the end of 2-3 years old

  • many relinquish the habit of n____
A

SLEEP AND ACTIVITY
By the end of 2-3 years old

  • many relinquish the habit of napping
43
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

SLEEP AND ACTIVITY
3 years old

  • can reach an ____ pattern of sleep
A

SLEEP AND ACTIVITY
3 years old

  • can reach an adult pattern of sleep
44
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

SLEEP AND ACTIVITY

  • common sleep problems: g____
  • Establishing a r____ bedtime and routine.
  • Provide t____.
  • Limit p____ bedtime rituals.
A

SLEEP AND ACTIVITY

  • common sleep problems: going to bed and falling asleep
  • Establishing a regular bedtime and routine.
  • Provide transitional objects.
  • Limit prolonged bedtime rituals.
45
Q

PROMOTING HEALTH DURING TODDLERHOOD

DENTAL HEALTH

  • poor oral hygiene and poor dietary habits —development of d____
  • most effective methods of plaque removal
    –b____
    –f____
A

DENTAL HEALTH

  • poor oral hygiene and poor dietary habits —development of dental caries
  • most effective methods of plaque removal
    –brushing
    –flossing

NR-NUR121 | Mother and Child Nursing (MCN) (26 decks)

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