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Biology 451 > 4. How do we measure species diversity > Flashcards

4. How do we measure species diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is species diveristy

A

it is how many different types of species are in a unit

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2
Q

what is alpha diversity

A

number of species in a unit being studied

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3
Q

what is gamma diversity

A

number of species in the system being studied

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4
Q

what is beta diversity

A

differences in species composition among units

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5
Q

what is multiplicative beta diversity

A

dimensionless number that implies number oof full changes in species composition among sample

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6
Q

what does multiplicative beta diversity show us

A

the proportion by which the speccies richness of a region exceeds the average richness of a single locality within the region

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7
Q

how to calculate multiplicative beta diversity

A

number of different species/ across the number of sites

then use gamma diversity to divide the above thing

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8
Q

what is additive beta diversity

A

shows difference in species composition among units

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9
Q

how do you calculate additive beta diversity

A

number of different species/ across the number of sites

then use gamma diversity to minus the above thing

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10
Q

what can beta diversity show us

A

diversity at different scales, spatial scale that is contributing to most species diversity

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11
Q

additive beta diversity how does it work

A

number of species that are added due to regions, fields and sites having different species compositioons

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12
Q

what do spatial scales tell us about diversity

A

recommend at which a certain group of taxa needs to be conserved

  • if you see regions and fields have a higher proportion on the spatial scales, then you can implement conservation tactics on fields and regional services more
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13
Q

what is the challenge of counting species

A

The number of species you count is probably sensitive to sample size and the number of individuals

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14
Q

what does species richness not account for

A

relative abundance of different species

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15
Q

what does more effort/ sample size mean

A

more species, but there is a threshold

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16
Q

how does species accumulation work

A

discrete variable
as you sample more, it levels off

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17
Q

what does rarefaction curve give us information on

A

expected realtionship between effort (number of individuals) and number of species found, so useful for comparing biodiversity

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18
Q

is old growth more species rich than disturbed

A

no

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19
Q

does diversity change a lot if you use interpolated rarefaction curve

A

no

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20
Q

at what level of biodiversity would it be more effective to use rarefaction curves

A

at higher biodiversity

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21
Q

what is the CHAO1 estimator equation

A

d + n^2 /2n

d= number of species in sample
n1= number of species observed once only
n2= number of species observed just twice

22
Q

what does CHAO1 tell us

A

estimates species richness

23
Q

more species rich

A

means theres more species divided amongst a community, the relative abundance is more balanced across

24
Q

whats the best way to compare communities, what index

A

simpsons diversity index

25
Q

is simpson diversity index consistent

A

yes, no matter how many individuals are collected

26
Q

what is the equation for simpsons’s diversity index (D)

A

add up the proportion of individuals of I species and square each of them first

and then 1-D

27
Q

What is 1-D in simpsoons diveristy index

A

probability that two individuals picked at random are different species

turn number to %

28
Q

what does shannon index (H) tell us

A

higher H means largeer amount of uncertainty

tells us how difficult it is to predict the species of randomly sampled individuals

29
Q

what is the equatioon for shannon index (H)

A

add all the p together
multiply ln to pi
turn it negative

30
Q

how does Shannon index increase

A

when there’s more individuals, it increases,
usually between 1.5-3.5

31
Q

what is evenness

A

whether the species is evenly abundant , spread across

32
Q

what is Simpson’s evenness equation

A

Dmax= 1/S
Evenness : 1-D/1-Dmax

S is the number of species sampled

33
Q

what is shannon evenness equation

A

Hmax= lnS
J= H/Hmax

34
Q

we know most about which types of species

A

vertebrates, but they are small proportion of species diversity

35
Q

most per cent of known species worldwide are what?

A

invertebrates
least studies done on them though

36
Q

which areas have high and low rates of monitoring biodiversity

A

high rates
- europe and north america
- forests
- Africa

least rates: where deforestation occurs

37
Q

how can we monitor biodiversity

A

through citizen science reports
sampling porgrammes`

38
Q

sampling programmes (extent, effort, grain levels)

A

big extent
medium effort
low grain

39
Q

citizen science extent, effort, grain levels)

A

huge extent
low effort
low grain

40
Q

what is extennt

A

area

41
Q

what is grain

A

spatial frequency of sampling

42
Q

local monitoring is good for ?

A

hypothesis testing, not really for impact assessment

43
Q

what is effort

A

number of abiotic and biotic things measured

44
Q

in a cube, where would monitoring programmes be at

A

in the center

45
Q

what’s in coarse grained sampling

A

low density of sampling sites shows broad trend in organism abundance

one round peak

46
Q

what’s in fine grained sampling

A

high density of sampling sites shows that there are local differences in factors influencing an organisms abundance

bumpy peaks

wetlands drive this

47
Q

what is the national ecological observatory network (NEON)

A

US site that monitors variables of spatially stratification domains with environmental conditions

48
Q

what is Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring institute (ABMI)

A

extensive monitoring
done every 5 years

49
Q

what has ABMI evaluation showed

A

generally positive
some say ABMI should relate that to policy making, but that is not their primary goal

50
Q

concerns to ABMI approach

A

poor temporal resolution because any given year site is very sparse in space

doesn’t disclose exact locations to reduces data sharing to outside people

grid can miss rare environment that are important to maintaining biodiversity

sampling effort isn’t stratified based on organisms or habitats of interest

51
Q

what is BACI

A

before after control impact

to monitor effects of distinct environmental impacts of disturbances

impacted sites have less of variables than controls only after the impact

52
Q

how to do extensive monitoring well

A

keep modifying research designs
ask new questions
don’t just monitor
use new technology

Biology 451 (13 decks)

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