12. How does overexploitation contribute to biodiversity loss Flashcards
what happens when we harvest too much
exploitation occurs
logging (cutting trees foor pulp)
hunting
fishing
hisotirc examples of overexploitation
extinction
hunters led to rhino, wooly mammoth, aurochs extinction
11,000 years ago, end of Pleistocene era
more than half of mammals in america disappeared with human first arrival in NA
how many genera of large mammals have gon extinct in NA in past 1000 years
34 genera
how is overexploitation different noow compared to before
accelerated
even for smaller species npw
what are majoorly affected species of birds
pigeons
most abundant before
hunted for food and commericialized`
passenger pigeon hypothesis
and its relation to mice and lyme disease
extinct
so dense before
ate acorn mast
important ecological role
harvesting of these led to mice populations explode
lyme disease increased as ticks get it from these mice and gave it to deers
tragedy. of the commons what is it
mechanism of how overexploitation leads to extinction
tragedy of the commons has explained…
alot of environemtal issues
a social dilemma
people use for self interest
coordination and limitation needede
overfishing - tragedy of commons
how many % of fish are overfished`
30%
hard to police in international waters
atlantic cod - tragedy of commons
better tech - deeper fishing
cod fishing became easier
stocks couldn’t recover
Newfoundland had to close this economic lifeline
catch was less too
make and break harbour
neewfoundland people reliance on fisheries, then fishes disappeared because over exploitation
by catch issue
non-coommerical species caught in nets
tossed overboard without caring
how many per cent of by catch is thrown back into the sea
25-75%
how to reduce bycatch
bird scaring lines
excluder devices
circle hooks
fine mesh aprons so dolphins excluded
freshwasher fishes are most affected by what and least by whay
most by invasive species
least by exploitation, still ha major effect though
which countries recreationally fish most
france UK Japan Mexico USA
logging and biodiversity loss
tropical harvesting leading too extinctions and extirpations for fuelwood
has harvesting construction material stayed fairly steady since 1970
yes
terrestrial mammals harvesting
which countries most threatened
south asia
predatoors that are hunted most
lions, tigers
hrebivores hunted most
camel deer
insectivores hunted most
pangolins
frugivores and granivores hunted most
bats squirrels
bushmeat harvesting
eating terrestrial exotic animals
popular bushmeats
pangolins elephants platypus
how many % of primate species are hunted as bushmeat
20%
which species are underrepresented in human consumption
rabbits and hares and bats
pangolin overexploitation
only mammals with scales or keeratin as anteater
what is pangolin meat used for
anxiety
medicine
hysteriaxl crying in children
devil procession
deafness
how many pangolins sold each year
1M
whats major harm causing pangolins
exploitations and world smuggle trades
bushmeats
other drivers of overexploitation
trophy hunting
poaching
legal pet trade
medicinal plants destructive use
trophy hunting benefits
high
wealth doesn’t stay in communities near hunting
how can overexploitation lead to zoonotic diseases
bushmeat: novel pathogens
infections during butchering
where is the highest risk location of zoonotic diseases
high pathogen reservoirs in wild animals and human contact with bushmeat is high
highest zoonotic disease emergence country
Asia
what species has been connected to zoonoses
large mammal exploitation
what diseases example oof zoonosis
ebola
` covid
sars
HIV
why do humasn exploit large animals
no food security in developing countries
less preferred species hunted and have more diseases
no knowledge about risks
rodents as zoonotic mechanism
more herbivores hunted more rodent food
more rodents
more rodent borne diseases
smaller species have closer and more abundant contact with humans
bats as zoonotic mechanism
bats are carriers of ebolaviruses
infected bat and human infection contact
human to human infection
epidermics occur
why are bats major concerns for zoonotic viruses
major viruses spread for humans are from bats
overexploitation puts bats closer to human health risk
covid might have been caused by bats
covid 19 spillover event
lab leak in china
zoonotic spillover in bushmeat market
racoon dog
what could have gotten covid
cats fog
bats
pangolins
tigers, deers so many more
human and animal back and forth transmission of viruses, what it called
zooanthropoonotic transmission
important resivoir for covid
mink