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Biology 451 > 3. How many species are there > Flashcards

3. How many species are there Flashcards

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1
Q

what insect do taxonomists use most to study taxonomy

A

bees

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2
Q

what is a species? what are the 3 concepts that we use to categorize them?

A

morphological
biological
evolutionary (phylogenetic)

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3
Q

Old estimates show which species in the world has highest abundance.

A

Insects about 750K

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4
Q

New estimates show which kingdom in the world has highest abundance.

A

animalia

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5
Q

do we know moree about the numbers of species on earth or in ocean

A

on earth

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6
Q

what are the most desribed species and most abundant on earth?

A

insectsh

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7
Q

how many species are there on earth approximately

A

1.2-1.4 million

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8
Q

which types of organisms are know best

A

conspicuous
more noticeable species
more work needs to be done on less conspicuous species

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9
Q

most described species are in which species

A

animals

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10
Q

which species is least described, and predicted to have so many more?

A

fungi

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11
Q

most predicted organism by kingdom is?

A

bacteria

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12
Q

what did they find in the abyssal plains of the southeastern atlantic

A

in africa
very deep in ocean
70% of organisms in the ocean bottom had no identification done

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13
Q

frontiers of biodiveeristy research focuses on which 2 things

A

identifying neew habitats
identifying largely unknown organisms that live there

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14
Q

what is another popular area to find new species in

A

hydrothermal vent fauna

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15
Q

what is a common error that occurs during taxonomic work (1)

A

undercounting
many species look the same and are given same name

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16
Q

what is a common error that occurs during taxonomic work (2)

A

Overcounting (synonymy )
- they think 2 species look the same because they don’t know how to see difference
- many species given different names because they look different, but they’re ACC the same

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17
Q

do more or less fossil mamal species names stay in use over time

A

less

18
Q

which 2 species are seeen as particularly synonymous

A

butterflies and moths

19
Q

what are 2 molecular techniques that can help identify species more accurately

A
  1. DNA (meta) barcoding (mtDNA)
    - using COI for animals mainly
  2. Environmental DNA (eDNA)
    - uses water and soil samples where DNA is likely to be well-preserved
20
Q

how can DNA help taxonomists

A

-address synonymies
- identify cryptic speciees
- reveals distinct species without rearing
- compare DNA to DNA library and then use for conservation tactics

21
Q

how can eDNAA help taxonomists

A
  • organism doesn’t need to be present
  • identifies organisms from strands shed into nature
  • using PCR and 16S RNA
  • compare against mammal sequences
  • amount of DNA is not always proportional to abundance
22
Q

why doesnt eDNA proportional to number of organisms

A
  1. temporal dependance of eDNA release
    - amount of DNA in water may change for biological reasons
  2. Species and spatial dependence of eDNA decay and release
    - DNA in water decays faster depending on organism
    - DNA can be re-released from sediments across different sites
23
Q

what else can eDNA help us do

A

confirm disappeared species
able to confirm presence of organisms that were previously undetected

24
Q

what does ancient eDNA help recreate

A

paleo environments
- ice cores decline = mammoth steppe in Yukon was seen
- establish communities that were there before

25
Q

what is SedaDNA

A

cellular material that has bound to sedimentary minerals which can protect DNA fragments, especially when frozen in permafrost

26
Q

what are other application of eDNA (4)

A
  1. dung beetles used to sample mammals
  2. identify viruses and hosts from water holes
  3. naked mole rats can be detected through air collected in colony
  4. torpedo that could collect SARS COV2 from wasteewater
27
Q

Species area curves

A

S= cA^z

28
Q

what is z value usuallly and range

A

0.25
0.1-0.4

29
Q

how does species richness usually realte to area

A

increased species richness with increased area

30
Q

how can you linearize species area graph

A

ln (S) = ln (C) + z ln(A)

31
Q

what is z in species area curve

A

slope of the line

32
Q

how can we count for the undetected species diversity

A

by using species-area curve to find big B

33
Q

what doeos extrapolation doo

A
  • extrapolate from smaller to bigger areas
  • exploit the known increasing relationship between area and species
  • helps predict number of species we might expect if area we sample increases
34
Q

is species and area relationship tight

A

no

35
Q

using the extrapolation method, how many species of plants do we estimate

A

4.6 million

36
Q

what are some limits of extrapolation

A
  • not all biomes have same relationship for plants
  • animals of different sizes have different relationships with species-area
37
Q

how does dispersal affect species area relationship

A
  • species with higher rates of dispersal may have flatter curves , so throws curve ball for extrapolation
38
Q

what are other ways to extrapolate global biodiversity

A
  1. macroecological patterns
    - use body size and abundance to extrapolate
  2. species accumulation curves
    - use rate of taxonomists name things to extrapolate
  3. ask experts to estimate
39
Q

how have guesses at big B been

A

has not gone better over time, still widely disagreed upon

40
Q

how many species are there eyeballing

A

7-10 million species

41
Q

how many species of bacteria do we have eyeballing

A

more than 1 billion

Biology 451 (13 decks)

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