10.Climate crisis impacts on biodiversity

Question 1

what is RFC

Answer 1

Reasons for concern

at what temperature , this specific disaster would occur etc

Question 2

how much biodiversity loss will we have if we hit 3 degrees + warmth

Answer 2

75% loss

Question 3

abiotic factors that will change

Answer 3

greenhouse gas concentrations

temperature

precipitation and ice

Ocean dynamics

Ocean acidification

extreme events

Question 4

what can happen too biodiversity with abiotic changes

Answer 4

evolution through mutation , natural selection and speciation

physiology changes such as fecundity and survival

population dynamics such as abundance and sex ratios

species distribution

interspecific interactions like competition, predation, parasitism and mutualism

ecosystem services like tourism and pest control

Question 5

climate niche

Answer 5

shows organism tolerance to biotic and abiotic conditions. when it overlaps with real-life conditions, that’s the realized niche

Question 6

with hotter and drier conditions, what affects dies that make on fundamental and realized niche

Answer 6

fundamental niche stays same

realized niche becomes smaller

Question 7

what do species do when their realized niche shrinks

Answer 7

plasticity of local phenotype ( more drought tolerance through waxier leaves )

genetic adaptation ( slower, if there is a genetic variation for selection )

change phenology ( earlier reproduction when it is cooler and more wet )

change spatial distribution ( disperse to cooler and wetter places )

Question 7

most organismal change is done by

Answer 7

phenotypic plasticity

Question 7

what has been consequences of biodiversity in terms of phenotypes and genotypes

Answer 7

• adaptive evolution to heat stress has yielded shorter life generations
• more hybridisation
• more coral disease
• mortality from heat stress
• migration timing changes
• smaller body size, colour changes
• temperature turning tropical
• arctic turning boreal
• different competition
• less net primary productivity on land
• abundance changes, sex ratio diff

Question 7

what are 2 climate responses that have received most attention

Answer 7

distributional and phenological changes

Question 8

what are distribution changes

Answer 8

altitude changes
range expand or lessen
habitat loss

Question 9

what are phenology changes?

Answer 9

different spawning times
budding earlier
growing earlier
migration timing changes in birds
asynchronous

Question 10

whats a climatic envelope

Answer 10

finding relationship between where a tree is found and what variables are. this can help predict where it could grow in the future. based on temperature and precipitation

Question 11

most using climate enveloop models show…

Answer 11

at risk of extinction

nowhere proper for them to grow in future due to climate

Question 12

what factors combine with global heating to increase extinction risk

Answer 12

limited distribution
small populaiton size
similar climate conditions
generation length
being rare

Question 13

what range shifts do we expect to see with global heating

Answer 13

species will move poleward
realized niche will stay same

• northern range expansion
• southern range stability
• species will track warming
• hottest and coldest places species found will stay same
• species will track the warming by moving upslope

Question 14

bees and upslope in the mountains

Answer 14

they have a plateau of how high they can go through

before in south, now north

Question 15

bees in reagular continents

Answer 15

no range shifting
not maintaining their realized thermal niche
no moving poleward

Question 16

what is phenology

Answer 16

timing oof life cycle events like flowering, reproduction or migration

Question 17

cherry blossom phenology changes

Answer 17

smaller cycle of flowering
flowering time changes, flowering date is later

Question 18

plant-pollinator phenology

Answer 18

plants and bees need each other at different times

no longer mutualistic enough

asynchrony: bees become adults before flowers even bloom

Question 19

cama meadows bees and plant relations on polliantion

Answer 19

at different elevations, camas are always floweering when bees are around

not much difference

Question 20

behavioural timings in animals

Answer 20

breeding and arrival behaviour changes

time of behaviour negatively correlated with time of year

time of behaviour negatively correlated with temperature

Question 21

why do population asynchronies affect species

Answer 21

interactions between species become out of phase

not all populations are shifting phenologies

Question 22

population asynchronies in caterpillars

Answer 22

appearing too early to be fed in abundance, fewer birds fledging

Question 23

how can species distribution changes affect people

Answer 23

droughts and heat increase tree susceptibility of certain bark-killing beetles

more chances of malaria as mosquitos move upslope

fewer dry seasons due to drought