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Biology 451 > 11. How do we know that we are facing a biodiversity crisis? > Flashcards

11. How do we know that we are facing a biodiversity crisis? Flashcards

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1
Q

what does IUCN tell us

A

tell us which species are going extinct
red list tells you which species is at risk

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2
Q

what are 2 UN led intiatives

A

IPBES - biodiversity crisis

IPCC- climate crisis

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3
Q

indicators of biodiversity decline
( most obvious )

A

higher vertebrate extincion, tracked by IUCN

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4
Q

which taxonomic group in IUCN has decreased so dramatically

A

Corals

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5
Q

do non assesed species have same threatened rate as the ones assessed

A

yes we assume so

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6
Q

which type of plants are most threatened

A

cycads

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7
Q

what types of invertebrates are most threatened

A

warm water reef forming corals

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8
Q

which mammals are most threatened

A

Sharks, amphibians and mammals

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9
Q

which species are most critically endangered

A

cycads
amphibians
conifers
mammals

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10
Q

cycads

A

ancient group of gymnosperms
living fossil from long time ago

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11
Q

distribution of red-listed species

A

MOST AT RISK SPECIES are at biodiverse places

central Asia is high

at areas where there are less resources put for conservation

overfishing and by-catch

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12
Q

human impact and biodiversity locations

A

where human activity is more, diversity is more threatened

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13
Q

agro-biodiversity

A

most domesticated animals bred fro specific traits, uniqueness is being lost

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14
Q

why is agro biodivesrity at risk

A

less animal breeds being maintained
lots at risk of extinction due to local adaptations

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15
Q

how many percnt of all breeds are endangered or more severe

A

17%

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16
Q

which breeds are most at risk because of agro biodiversity

A

rabbits
alpacas
llamas
geese
chicken
pigeons

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17
Q

why are crop wild relatives also at risk

A

hotpsots are at risk as it jeopardizes genetic diversity that could be used to develop new varieties

hotspots are in arab countries and europe

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18
Q

what is a crop that is importaant but has low prioirty

A

wheat

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19
Q

which crops should we be most concerned about

A

rice and maize

20
Q

other declines in nature

A

natural ecosystem decline

species extinction risk

abundance of naturally presenting species have declined, not introduced by people

bigger animals are fewer

indigenous communities have deterioration of elements of nature

21
Q

has earth seen rapid loss of biodivserity before

A

yes 5 mass extinctions
due to CO2 implications

22
Q

What are the 5 events that caused biodiversity loss in the past

A

ordovician event
devonian event
permian event
triassic event
cretaceous event

23
Q

most species were lost in which event in past

A

Permian event

24
Q

what are some hypothesized causes of these events

A

glacial episodes
mountain formation
CO2 sequestered
global cooling then warming
volcano eruptions
asteroid impact

25
Q

75% threshold for many taxa and it has only been

A

500 years

26
Q

we currently are in our…

A

6th mass exticntion
based on threshold hit

27
Q

indiret drivers of biodiversity decline

A

anthropogenic mainly
demographic
sociocultura
economic
technological
governance
conflicts
epidermics

28
Q

direct drivers ofo biodiversity decline

A

actual causes of decline
land use change
exploitation
climate change
pollution
invasive alien species

29
Q

primary factor causing biodiversity decline on land is

A

human driven land use change

30
Q

most important driver of biodiversity decline in marine systems

A

exploitation such as overfishing

31
Q

are land and sea still pristine (in original state)

A

no, mainly due to anthropogenic reasons

32
Q

what are the 2 main drivers of natural ecosystem decline dependent on habitat

A

climate change
sea and land use change

33
Q

climate change is most obvious in which habitats

A

polar and alpine (tundra)

34
Q

land use change example

A

clearing of tropical forests is huge factor

35
Q

do protected areas represent significant wilderness

A

no

36
Q

protected areas are an example of

A

driver of biodiversity loss

37
Q

are major rivers of the world free flowing

A

no

38
Q

most remainting long free flowing rivers are in the

A

arctic
or in rivers too large to be devleoped

39
Q

what impacts river connectivity

A

fish harvesting
loss of flow
connectivity disturbed
making dams
irrigation systems

40
Q

least flow rivers are in

A

northern africa

41
Q

most floow rivers are in

A

north america
russia
south america

42
Q

how does population and economics affect biodivesrity

A

indirect driver
increased consumption
higher GDP
higher global trade

43
Q

how does nature’s material contribution demand affect biodiversity

A

25% of biomass is extracted and used
extraction of living materials increased

44
Q

what is the most extracted resource from nature

A

non metallic minerals like stones and salt and rocks for construction

biomass is second, food and crops residues

45
Q

higher income countries vs lower income countries on biodiversity loss

A

footprint oof high income countries exported to middle and lower income countries, increasing extraction of living materials

richer countries consume most, but extract less because this job left for lower income countries

poorer countries lost biodiversity more but still lower GDP growth

richer countries have gained intactness and gone richer

higher income countries benefitted economically from biodiversity loss in other poorer countries

46
Q

wealth and biodiversity loss

A

all indirect drivers except protected areas correlate negatively with biodiversity

47
Q

less space per person is associated with better or worse biodiversity

A

better

Biology 451 (13 decks)

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