4. Henry vii- relations with other countries Flashcards
date for ‘treaty of medina del campo’
1489
what were henry’s foreign policy aims?
- maintain good relationships with European powers to enable consolidation of power at home
- international recognition of the tudor dynasty
- national security
- defend English trading interests
what was the ‘treaty of medina del campo’?
- England and Spain decided to work together to defend lands and promised not to make agreements with France.
- equal rights trading
- marriage of Arthur and Catherine of Aragon.
what did henry do in the beginning of his reign to decrease foreign threats+ examples?
- built a series of truces with potentially dangerous neighbours.
- France 1485
- Scotland 1486
what problems did Henry face when France wanted to absorb Brittany?
- France initially supported henry in his fight throne
- however he had also depended on brittany in his 14 years of exile.
why did henry not want France to absorb Brittany?
- he believed if France had Brittany (which was just across the english channel) this would weaken national security.
- he believed coastline across the channel shouldn’t be held by any one power
- the south coast of England could potentially be in a militarily weaker position
what date was the breton crisis?
1488-1492
why did henry not rush to war with France in the Breton crisis?
- because he did not want to anger the french especially when pretenders were active
- also had low funds
what did henry do with France instead of war during the breton crisis?
- henry opened up negotiations with France
- whilst secretly allowing english troops to cross to Brittany to help repel the french
how did henry try to win support from abroad during the Breton crisis?
-henry won the support of Spain wight he treaty ‘medina del campo’
-also approaching other regions + asked the pope for assistance or neutrality
-
how did parliament contribute to the Breton crisis?
-parliament summoned to make a grant of 100,000 to finance a small force
when did the english army cross the channel into Breton?
april 1491
when the english army cross the channel into Breton what did henry claim?
- henry claimed that he was only acting in defence of Brittany
- no intention of re-opening the english claim to french lands
how did french respond to the english army cross the channel into Breton?
- the french were unhappy and they accepted the pretender ‘perking Warbeck’ into their court
- also pouring more french troops into Brittany
what happened in the final stages of the Breton crisis?
- henry led a force of 12,000 into Brittany gambling that France didn’t want conflict
- henry was correcta s France were more interested in divisions in Italy and wanted to be free of other commitments.
what was the treaty of Etaples?
- henry agreed to remove his army if France paid 750,000 crowns to cover expedition costs
- and agreement by French king to not support any of Henry’s enemies (v important with warbeck)
date of ‘the treaty of Etaples
1492
how did the treaty of Etaples help Henry with a certain pretender (give name)
- perkin warbeck
- it helped because the treaty meant that the french king would not support any of henry’ s enemies, as the french king had previously accepted warbeck meaning he had to flee France.
how did the Breton crisis affect Britain after the crisis POSITIVE?
- England’s basic friendship with France remained intact
- France were no longer able to support pretenders
- France were making payments to the english crown.
how did the Breton crisis affect Britain after the crisis NEGATIVE?
- english armies actually didn’t win any of the engagements in Brittany
- Brittany was absorbed alter on (1532)
- all southern shore of english channel were french besides calais = henry failed to restore english glories in Europe
what happened following 1485
-Henry was keen to build the countries strength and wealth =trade + exploration
what acts to do with exploration were passed in 1485 1486
-navigation acts
what act showed henry trying to encourage english cloth trade+ year?
- Intercursus Magnus
- 1496
what city dominated trace in the mediterranean?
venice, Italy
how did the treaty in 1490 affecting Pisa, affect future british trade in venice?
-henry had then gained the right for english merchants to trade with venice.
what did henry VIII expand on that his father had left for him?
- henry vii had built up a small navy (9 very good quality ships)
- henry viii built on this in his reign
what was Portsmouth established as?
-the countries first naval base
what was the navigation act + year?
- 1485/6
- encouraged the use of english ships to carry goods rather than foreign ships
what was the ‘Intercursus Magnus’ agreement +example of its impact ?
- allowed english merchants to trade freely with all of burgundy (not flanders)
- by 1509over 60% more cloth was being exported to Europe
what did henry do in venice with trade?
- henry had some merchants trade in venice
- venice retaliated by putting heavy tariffs on all english goods imported there
treaty in 1490 affecting Pisa, what was it ?
- treaty signed allowing english wool to be imported to Pisa (main port in florence)
- Venetian government lifted import duties
where was England’s first naval base?
Portsmouth
what voyages did henry show interest in?
- supporting voyages by john and sebastian Cabot
- however when sebastian returned henry vii had died and his son was not interested in maritime exploration
what happened to henry vii’s overseas policy when he died?
- it had ended as his son was not interested in maritime exploration
what success henry vii’s overseas policy achieve?
- limited as custom duties rose GOOD
- allowed henry to sit on the throne more securly
- but… compared to Venice, Spain etc England’s merchants were very small
why did henry have worries about succession?
-the death of his son 1502 and wife 1503
why did henry stop thoughts about wanting to marry again?
- Isabella the spanish queen died (1504)
- there was no guarantee that Spain would remain united
why did henry still need to maintain good relations with spain?
-for dynastic and trading reasons
why was henry attempting to restore good relationships with phillip of burgundy?
what was henry’s friendly relationship with Phillip of Burgundy?
- had open discussions about a possible Burgundian bride for his son
- becoming friendlier
what impact did henry’s new relationship with Phillip of burgundy have on foreign relations
- this made spanish relations worse and Ferdinand (spanish king) turned to France
- louis (french king) felt surrounded and was looking for friendship
- 1505 Ferdinand married louis niece, Germaine de Foix
who was Germaine de Foix
-louis XII’s niece (french king)
what happened when Phillip of Burgundy died?
- Burgundy weakened
- diplomacy with England ended
- Joanna the heiress to the throne was deemed unfit and Ferdinand declared himself king of castile
what year did Ferdinand of Aragon marry Germaine de Foix?
1505
what year did Phillip of Burgundy die?
october, 1506
why did England seem isolated by the end of henry’s reign?
-the league of Cambrai was not inclusive of England and Henry felt threatened
when was the league of Cambrai created?
1508
who was part of the League of Cambrai?
- louis XII
- Ferdinand
- archduke Charles
- The Pope
what did the league of Cambrai do?
-louis XII, Ferdinand, archduke Charles, The Pope
focused their attention on venice and away from England
give key dates for breton crisis?
-1497: Duke Francis II of Brittany died and French invaded
-1489: Treaty of Redon, Henry agreed to support the claim of Francis’ young daughter
-1491: 6000 english ‘volunteers’ sent to Brittany, Anne surrendered to the French agreeing to marry Charles VIII of France
-1492: Charles was more interested in invading Italy than flighting the English, so Henry raised two parliamentary subsidies, invading France with 26,000 men =
treaty of Estaples- C
