10. Henry VIII- henry's relationship with foreign powers Flashcards
explain the results of Henry’s military campaigns in 1512/13? delete
- drain on English finance
- trouble in Yorkshire due to due to resentment against taxation
- loss of French pension which Henry VII had won
- Tournai was sold back to France 1519
- peace with Scotland until (1542)
explain foreign policy from 1540-47? delete
- 1542: invasion of Scotland= success and James IV dead , but failed to mount full scale invasion
- 1543: Treaty of Greenwich, Henry’s son Edward betrothed to MQofS
- 1544: Henry send troops to France with army, captured Boulonge but Charles made Separate peace treaty with Francis I
- 1545: France responded but failed
1546: Peace agreed between England and France as neither could afford the conflict
explain how Henry secured the succession?
- 1534: succession act: stated Mary illegitimate and succession would rest with Anne’s children
- 1536: Declared Elizabeth illegitimate
- 1544: re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth
- 1546: stated if Ed, Mary or Eliza died without children the heirs of Henry’s sister Mary should succeed + set up regency council to act of Edwards behalf
how did war effect the economy?
-unable to fund the war from extraordinary revenue, he sold much of crown estate, borrowed, debased coinage = increasing rate of infaltion
explain the treasons act 1534?
- made calling the monarch a heretic a treasonable offence
- extended treason from deeds to malicious words
give examples of treason against the king?
- the nun of kent who had epilepsy, had visions that attracted attention from 1525
- her episodes were staged to rebel against the king’s policy
- they created a prophecy against the kings second marriage
- she and accomplices arrested in 1533 and executed
- also sir Thomas more who refused to take an oath to the act of succession by condemning henry’s first marriage and adhere to the act of succession, he refused and when the treason act was passed he was executed June 1535
explain Henry’s relationship with Scotland?
-battle of Agincourt 1415 influenced Henry when deciding to have a more aggressive stance towards France
-by 1509, he had reinforced Calais, commissioned new artillery and expanded the army
-demonstrated his enthusiasm to win military glory and make England major player in international affairs= ambitious and believed he had a right to the french crown
-1510: entered into the Holy League alliance with Spain, Holy Roman empire and papacy against France
-1512: Sent 10,000 soldiers to SW France but Ferdinand of Spain failed to support English who suffered defeat in Gascony
-1513: Henry led force to NE France = won battle of Spurs
:James IV of Scotland invaded England but defeated and killed at Battle of Flodden= Henry’s sister Margaret was regent
explain the treaty of London?
-pope Leo wanted ti establish a european peace, and dispatched legates to england, France and Spain to arrange 5 year peace
Wolsey convinced the pope to conceded and make both he and cardinal Campeggio co-legates
-he turned this truce into an international treaty, with 20 rulers signing it to keep the peace and act against any transgressors
-October 1518
explain the field of cloth and gold and the consequences after?
-Maximillian died 1519= elections for new HRE
-Charles I won over Henry = Charles V, HRE
-war between him and Francis loomed so both leaders wanted to make an agreement with Henry VIII
-Henry met with Francis I at the field of cloth and gold in June= diplomacy +positive relations
-after Henry agreed to meet with Charles=1520 treaty as both monarchs would avoid making treaties with France for 2 years
-relations between C+F broke down and war looked certain
-secretly Henry met with Charles and promised his daughter to Charles instead of the Dauphin of France as previously promised with Francis (treaty or Tournai)
‘**Gwyn believes imperial alliance might have provided opportunities for gaining new conquests… most important motive for Henry at the time’
explain return to diplomacy after the second French War?
- 1525: Charles V defeated French at battle of Pavia, but refused a joint invasion of N France with Henry, Henry then supported league of Cognac with French and Pope to counterbalance Charles’ power in Italy
- 1527: treaty of westminster =arranged marriage for Mary=peace between France and England
- 1529: between France, HRE and pope, left Henry completely isolated, the failure of Wolsey to secure England’s place at the negotiating table helped to bring Wolsey’s downfall
explain relations with France after battle of Flodden?
- James V succeeded aged 1
- James was the son of Henry’s sister Margaret so he expected no danger from Scotland. However he wanted to maintain catholicism and Henry’s feared encirclement by Catholic powers
- 1541 invited James to a meeting in York, he didn’t attend so Henry VIII ordered troops to loot and pillage scottish boarder
- 1541 scots defeated, James died, MQofS succeeds at 1 week old
- 1543 Scottish parliament rejected Henry’s marriage offer for Mary to Marry Edward
- 1548, promised to the Dauphin of France
explain securing the succession from 1532?
- Henry was desperate for a son
- Mary had many miscarriages
Explain Henry’s final years?
-Charles V still dominant figure in Europe, making attempts to annul marriage difficult
-1527: Henry allied with french in Treaty of Amines
-1532: further alliance with French to pressure Charles into supporting is marriage annulment = failed
-1538: Charles and Francis signs treaty of Nice= agree not to support England+ pope Paul absolved English catholics from obedience to ruler + Henry’s position weakening
-1539: Paul sent cardinal’s to France and Scotland to rouse support for catholic crusade against England, Henry married German Protestant Anne of Cleaves = alliance with Protestant league of Schmalkalden
not needed as relationships between Charles and Francis broke down= Henry’s position more secure
explain the difference between Henry VII/VIII regarding foreign policy?
- VIII spent nearly 4 mil on war with France
- whereas VII spent only 100,000 dealing with Perkin Warbeck
- showing the differences between the two monarchs
- *MacCulloch- Henry had unwittingly engineered the mid-tudor crisis, due to debts from wars
