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Cardiopulmonology Final > (4) Heart and Vascular System (Dennis) > Flashcards

(4) Heart and Vascular System (Dennis) Flashcards

1
Q

What type of muscle is this?

Describe

Striated or non-striated?

Voluntary or involuntary?

A

Skeletal Muscle

Striated & Voluntary

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2
Q

What type of muscle is this?

Describe

Striated or non-striated?

Voluntary or involuntary?

A

Cardiac Muscle

Striated

Involuntary

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3
Q

What type of muscle is this?

Describe

Striated or non-striated?

Voluntary or involuntary?

A

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated

Involuntary

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4
Q

What type of muscle is this?

How is it organized?

A

Smooth Muscle

Occurs as bundles or sheets of elongated fusiform cells

No visible striations

Interconnected by gap junctions

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5
Q

Describe smooth muscle contraction

A

Tension transmitted via densities to the membrane

Cells contract as one unit and assume a globular shape

***Anchor to cytoplasmitc densities/dense bodies

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6
Q

What is this muscle type?

A

Cardiac muscle

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7
Q

What are 2 distinguishing features of this type of muscle?

A

Cardiac Muscle

Intercalated discs

Purkinje cells

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8
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Transverse junctions at the ends of cells that allow passage of electrical current

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9
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells that act as the ‘pacemaker’ for the heart

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10
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

Outer covering of dense connective tissue

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11
Q

What are the three components of the serous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer of Serous Pericardium

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

Pericardial cavity

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12
Q

Label the

Endocardium

Myocardium

Epicardium

A
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13
Q

Label the

Endocardium

Myocardium

Epicardium

A
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14
Q

What is this revealing?

What type of CT?

A

Epicardium

Dense fibrocollagenous CT with elastic fibers, lined with mesothelium

*Outermost layer of the heart wall

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15
Q

What is the notable structure of this tissue sample?

A

Branches of coronary arteries are embedded in adipose tissue of the

EPICARDIUM

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16
Q

What is the myocardium characterized by?

A

Striations

Intercalated discs

Dyad T-tubule system

Mitochondria

Lipofuscin granules

Atrial granules

17
Q

What are the arrows pointing at?

A

Intercalated discs

*Specialized, interdigitating junctions b/w cardiomyocytes

18
Q

Where are intercalated discs found?

A

At sites where cells meet end-to-end

ALWAYS COINCIDE WITH Z-LINES

19
Q

Function of intercalated discs?

A

Binds cells

Transmit forces of contraction

Allow spread of excitation

20
Q

Interdigitating junctions have 3 different types of membrane-to-membrane contacts:

What are they?

A

Transverse Region (Perpendicular)

  1. Fascia Adherens
  2. Desmosomes

Longitudinal region (parallel)

  1. Gap Region
21
Q

Function of

Fascia adherens

A

Actin filaments at the ends of terminal sarcomeres insert into junction

  • Transmit contractile forces b/w cells
  • Most predominant
22
Q

Function of

Desmosomes?

A

Provide anchorage for the

intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

23
Q

Function of

Gap (nexus) junctions

A

Sites of low electrical resistance

Allows excitation to pass b/w cells

24
Q

What is a dyad made of?

A

1 T-Tubule + 1 SR cisterna

25
Q

What are these structures called?

A

Dyad T-tubules

26
Q

Where are dyad T-tubules found?

A

Found at Z-lines

Permits uniform contraction of myofibrils within a single cardiomyocyte

27
Q

What is this image revealing?

A

Lipofuscin Granules

28
Q

What are lipofuscin granules?

A
  • Small bodies that accumulate with age in stable non-dividing cells (i.e. cardiomyocytes)
  • Contain material derived from residul bodies after lysosomal digestion
29
Q

What are myoendocrine cells?

A

Atrial cardiomyocytes that contain membrane-bound granules

Contain precursor of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

30
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) targets _______ to _______ Na+ and H2O retention

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) targets kidneys to decrease Na+ and H2O retention

31
Q

Ventricular endocardium has a ______________

A

Subendocardial layer

32
Q

How do you distinguish b/w ventricular vs atrial endocardium?

A

In atria, purkinje fibers are often closer to the endothelium and intermixed with the myocardium

33
Q

What are nodal cardiomyocytes?

A

Modified cells w/in SA/AV nodes that initiate/relay electrical signals

34
Q

What is the order of the conduction system?

A

SA node –> AV node –> AV bundle –> R/L bundle branches –> Purkinje fibers

35
Q

What is this?

A

Cardiac Skeleton

36
Q

What is this?

A

Heart valve

Cardiopulmonology Final (21 decks)

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