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Cardiopulmonology Final > (17) Lipids and Lipoproteins (Zaidi) > Flashcards

(17) Lipids and Lipoproteins (Zaidi) Flashcards

1
Q

Describ how TAGs are such good sources of energy!

A

Triacylglyercols contain about 6.75 tims as much energy as carbs!

100,000 kCal in TAGs

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2
Q

Name the structures

A
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3
Q

Sources of Triacylglycerols?

A

Dietary TAG

De Novo TAG (hepatocytes)

De Novo TAG (adipocytes)

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4
Q

Describe TAG synthesis in intestinal cells:

A
  • Dietary TAGs broken down to monoacylglycerol (MAG) and FFA in intestinal lumen by pancreatic lipases
  • Intestinal cells resynthesize TAGs using MAG as backbone and adding 2 FFAs
  • TAGs packaged to form chylomicron
  • Chylomicrons released into lymphatic system and enter blood via thoracic duct

*TAG SYNTHESIS IN INTESTINAL CELLS PROMOTED BY DIETARY TAGS

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5
Q

What feeds TAG synthesis in the liver?

A

Glucose

*De Novo synthesis in hepatocytes

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6
Q

***PROBABLY A TEST QUESTION

If you want to inhibit the conversion of glycerol into TAG in the hepatocyte, and it will not affect other pathways…which would you pick?

A

Glycerol Kinase!!!

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7
Q

Describe the key points of TAG Synthesis in the liver

A
  • Glucose and Glycerol form G3P
  • G3P used as backbone for TAG synthesis
  • FFA (synthesized in liver from acetyl CoA) added to G3P to form TAGS
  • TAGs packaged, form VLDL
  • VLDL released into bloodstream

*TAG SYNCHESIS IN HEPATOCYTES PROMOTED BY EXCESS CARBS

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8
Q

Describe TAG synthesis in Adipocytes

A
  • Glucose forms G3P
  • G3P used as backbone for TAG synthesis
  • FFA (from chylomicrons and VLDL in blood) by action of capillary lipoprotein lipase
  • G3P and FFA form TAGs
  • TAGs stored in adipocytes

*TAG synthesis in adipocytes promoted by excess carbohydrates and fats

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9
Q

Describe how TAG synthesis in intestinal cells, hepatocytes and adipocytes are connected:

A

Product of Intestinal cells = Chylomicron

Product of Hepatocytes =VLDL

Combine together to provide fuel for adipocyte TAG synthesis

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10
Q

Fatty acids broken down via ___________ in __________ to produce energy

A

Beta-oxidation, Mitochondria

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11
Q

Describe mobilization of fatty acids in adipocytes

A
  • 4 major lipases (ATGL, HSL, LPL, MAG lipase)
  • Release of fatty acids
  • Transport of fatty acids (short can travel alone, long complex with albumin for transport)
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12
Q

CORRELATION BOX

Activity of HSL modulated by

A

Phosphorylation

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13
Q

CORRELATION BOX

What are major controllers of HSL?

A

ACTIVATE MOBILIZATION: Glucagon, Epinephrine

*Both phosphorylate HSL (activate it) and promote lipolysis in adipocytes

FED STATUS inhibits mobilization of TAGs (insulin)

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14
Q

What is perilipin?

A

Family of proteins that coat lipid droplets in adipocytes and muscle cells

Regulate lipolysis by controlling physical access to HSL

Target of obesity treatment

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15
Q

What transport TAGs and Cholesterol?

A

Lipoproteins

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16
Q

What is the substrate for cholesterol biosynthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA

17
Q

What is “bad” cholesterol?

A

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

18
Q

What is “good” cholesterol?

A

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

19
Q

What is the largest lipoprotein? Smallest?

A

Largest = chylomicron

Smallest= HDL

20
Q

What are the 3 types of Apo proteins on chylomicrons?

A

ApoB-48

ApoC-II

ApoE

21
Q

How many apo proteins does each lipoprotein have?

VLDL

IDL

LDL

HDL

A

VLDL (3)

IDL (2)

LDL (1)

HDL (3)

22
Q

What are the specific surface apo proteins in:

VLDL

IDL

LDL

HDL

A

VLDL: ApoB-100, ApoC-II, ApoE

IDL: Apo B-100, Apo E

LDL: Apo E

HDL: ApoA-I, ApoC-II, ApoE

23
Q

Why is HDL “good” cholesterol?

A

High protein and phospholipid content

24
Q

What does LCAT do?

A

Participates in HDL processing

Lecithin cholestrol acyl transferase:

Helps supply cholesterol to other lipoprotein

25
Q

CORRELATION BOX:

Benificial effects of HDL?

A

More HDL=lowered risk for CAD

Has ability to reverse cholesterol transport

  • HDL-C scavenges and removes LDL from periphery and transports it to liver where it can be recycled
  • HDL-C levels increased by weight loss, exercise
26
Q

PROBABLY A TEST QUESTION!!!!

What are the two types of Hyperlipoportenemia you will be tested on?

A

Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia

Type IIa and IIb Hyperlipoproteinemia

27
Q

PROBABLY A TEST QUESTION!!!!!

Describe Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia

Cause:

Effect:

Clinical:

A

AKA Hyperchylomicronemia

Cause: Deficiency in apo c II or defective lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

Effects: High Chylomicron and TAG levels

Clinical symptoms: Xanthomas

28
Q

PROBABLY A TEST QUESTION!!!!!

Describe Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia

Cause:

Effect:

Clinical:

A

AKA Hypercholesterolemia

Cause: LDL receptor is defective

Effect: High cholesterol

Clinical: Xanthomas, CAD

Cardiopulmonology Final (21 decks)

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