4-5 Spiezio et al

Question 1

____ subjects were
observed during an isolation training protocol to induce the animals to enter an area (training area) _____ and
retrieve rewards ______from group members.

Answer 1

Eleven subjects were
observed during an isolation training protocol to induce the animals to enter an area (training area) calmly and
retrieve rewards separated from group members.

Question 2

what were the two periods when the duration of individual and social behaviours were collected?

Answer 2

baseline period and training period

Question 3

what was the baseline period

Answer 3

before the beginning of the isolation training protocol

Question 4

when was data collected in the training period

Answer 4

in which the collection of the data started at the end of the isolation training sessions

Question 5

behavioural data within the isolation training sessions were recorded

what was this data

Answer 5

behavioural data within the isolation training sessions (latency to enter the training area and
retrieve the reward, display of stress-related behaviours) were recorded

Question 6

Outside the training sessions, lemurs

were out of sight significantly more in the ____ than in the _____

Answer 6

Outside the training sessions, lemurs

were out of sight significantly more in the baseline than int he training

Question 7

Social behaviour was performed significantly more in the ____ than the ______

Answer 7

Social behaviour was performed significantly more in the training than the baseline

Question 8

Agonistic behaviours were performed significantly more in the _____ than the _____

Answer 8

Agonistic behaviours were performed significantly more in the baseline than the training

Question 9

what happened within the training session

Answer 9

all the individuals entered the training area, were isolated from conspecifics, and retrieved the reward in 6
out of 9 sessions

Question 10

Our findings show that, during the PRT period, lemurs displayed their natural behaviour in
their everyday social life with significant increase of their ______ _____ and decrease of ______ ____ with benefits for their ____ ____

Answer 10

Our findings show that, during the PRT period, lemurs displayed their natural behaviour in
their everyday social life with significant increase of their affiliative behaviours and decrease of aggressive
behaviours with benefits for their welfare status

Question 11

Thus, lemurs were able to cope with the use of PRT to do what?

Answer 11

Thus, lemurs were able to cope with the use of PRT to isolate
each individual from its social group

Question 12

what did they conclude?

Answer 12

PRT may play a crucial role for the captive management of ring-tailed lemurs in captive facilities, including zoos.

Question 13

what is Positive reinforcement training (PRT) based on

Answer 13

operant conditioning learning

Question 14

when is PRT commonly used

Answer 14

PRT is commonly used in biomedical research, producing reliable results and guaranteeing the well-being of animals in laboratory settings

Question 15

PRT, by using a ____ ____, helps to establish a relaxed atmosphere in stressful contexts, giving animals the
opportunity to choose and control the situation, with positive implications on their welfare

Answer 15

PRT, by using a positive reward, helps to establish a relaxed atmosphere in stressful contexts, giving animals the
opportunity to choose and control the situation, with positive implications on their welfare

Question 16

other behaviours may indicate the
presence of stress in a new or unpredictable situation for the animals;

like what?

Answer 16

other behaviours may indicate the
presence of stress in a new or unpredictable situation for the animals;
for instance, locomotion, defecation, urination and over-grooming

Question 17

The ring-tailed lemurs are strepsirrhines endemic to _____;
they are highly social primates and live in multi-male/multi-female
social groups of about ___-__ individuals

Answer 17

The ring-tailed lemurs are strepsirrhines endemic to Madagascar;
they are highly social primates and live in multi-male/multi-female
social groups of about 11–35 individuals

Question 18

why would they want to isolate lemurs

Answer 18

being able to reward single
animals in isolation from conspecifics may be a valuable tool for their
husbandry and well-being, allowing the provision of medicines to
subordinate subjects, preventing aggression from conspecifics. Isolation
training might be helpful to prevent and avoid the long-term separation
of sick or injured subjects from their social group and to manage social
tensions.

Question 19

This study investigated the effect of temporary isolation PRT on the
behaviour and welfare of a captive group of ring-tailed lemurs hosted at
_____, ___

Answer 19

This study investigated the effect of temporary isolation PRT on the
behaviour and welfare of a captive group of ring-tailed lemurs hosted at
Parco Natura Viva, Italy.

Question 20

whatwas in the small compartment

Answer 20

The compartment contained a wooden shelf and a platform.

Question 21

the baseline period was run

previously to the beginning of the _____to the training area

Answer 21

the baseline period was run

previously to the beginning of the habituation to the training area

Question 22

The

habituation was necessary why?

Answer 22

The
habituation was necessary to get the lemurs used to a new area and
lasted for three weeks, before the beginning of the isolation training
programme

Question 23

what was the reward

Answer 23

The reward was a piece of primate jelly consisting of
vegetables, fruits, nuts and honey (Viten®
, Udine, Italy), pleasant for the
lemurs and with low fat and sugar content

Question 24

if no
lemurs entered the training area after ____ minutes, the training sessions
fnished and the subjects that remained in the indoor area were considered not willing to participate in the training session

Answer 24

if no
lemurs entered the training area after five minutes, the training sessions
fnished and the subjects that remained in the indoor area were considered not willing to participate in the training session

Question 25

To prevent and minimize the stress of the lemurs, the duration of
each habituation and training session varied according to the subject
emotional state but never exceeded __min per lemur

Answer 25

To prevent and minimize the stress of the lemurs, the duration of
each habituation and training session varied according to the subject
emotional state but never exceeded 3 min per lemur

Question 26

In both the baseline and the training periods a ____ ____ ____ ____ was used

Answer 26

In both the baseline and the training periods a continuous focal
animal sampling was used

Question 27

In the baseline period,

___-____ __-__ sessions per lemur were run

Answer 27

In the baseline period,

twenty-two 10-min sessions per lemur were run

Question 28

for each

subject, two sessions per day were carried out. when

Answer 28

mornning and afternoon over two weeks

Question 29

The training programme period ceased when?

Answer 29

The training programme period ceased when all lemurs entered the
training area and retrieved the reward from the trainer for an arbitrary
number of four consecutive sessions.

Question 30

what was collected

Answer 30

For each lemur and for
each training session, data on the frequency of participation (voluntary
entering the training area and being separated from conspecifics) and
retrieving of the reward were recorded; furthermore, data on the latency to enter the training area and to retrieve the reward as well as on
the duration of stress-related behaviours (self-scratching and licking,
defecation, urination and stereotypes, particularly head-rotation) were
collected.

Question 31

Species-specific individual and social behaviours were displayed by
the lemurs and no abnormal behaviours were reported when?

Answer 31

Species-specific individual and social behaviours were displayed by
the lemurs and no abnormal behaviours were reported in both the
baseline and training periods.

Question 32

inactive behaviours
(individual and social sleeping) were performed significantly less in the
___ than ___

Answer 32

inactive behaviours
(individual and social sleeping) were performed significantly less in the
baseline than training

Question 33

No

significant differences were found for ____behaviour

Answer 33

No

significant differences were found for active behaviour

Question 34

out of sight was

performed significantly more in the ____ than ____

Answer 34

out of sight was

performed significantly more in the baseline than training

Question 35

No significant difference in overall _____behaviour

Answer 35

No significant difference in overall individual behaviour

Question 36

within individual behaviour, _____, _____and ____were performed significantly less in the ___
period than in the ____ period

Answer 36

within individual behaviour, exploration, locomotion and sunning were performed significantly less in the training
period than in the baseline period

Question 37

Overall social behaviours were performed significantly less in the
_____ than ____

Answer 37

Overall social behaviours were performed significantly less in the
baseline than training

Question 38

within social behaviours, ____ behaviours were displayed significantly less in the ____ than ____

Answer 38

within social behaviours, agonistic behaviours were displayed significantly less in the training than baseline

Question 39

___ ___ and other ____ behaviours were displayed more in the ___ than in the ___ period

Answer 39

social contact and other affiliative behaviours (grooming and
play) were displayed more in the training than in the baseline period

Question 40

A
significant difference between the two periods was found for social
contact but not for other ____behaviour

Answer 40

A
significant difference between the two periods was found for social
contact but not for other affiliative behaviour

Question 41

Regarding inactive behaviour, both social and individual sleeping
were performed significantly less in the ____

Answer 41

Regarding inactive behaviour, both social and individual sleeping
were performed significantly less in the baseline

Question 42

____ sessions were required to the lemurs in order to retrieve the
reward for four sessions consecutively

Answer 42

Nine sessions were required to the lemurs in order to retrieve the
reward for four sessions consecutively

Question 43

____ out of
11 lemurs took part in all training sessions, whereas ____ of the 11
subjects always took the rewards during the training

Answer 43

Seven out of
11 lemurs took part in all training sessions, whereas five of the 11
subjects always took the rewards during the training

Question 44

, all of

the lemurs participated in a minimum of __% of the training sessions.

Answer 44

, all of

the lemurs participated in a minimum of 67% of the training sessions.

Question 45

___ of the 11 subjects displayed stress-related behaviours during training

Answer 45

six of the 11 subjects displayed stress-related behaviours during training

Question 46

_____ correlation between the latency to retrieve the reward

and the nine sessions was found

Answer 46

negative correlation between the latency to retrieve the reward
and the nine sessions was found

no sex diff

Question 47

, findings of this study suggest what?

Answer 47

, findings of this study suggest that the study colony was in a
good state of welfare, since a variety of normal and specific behaviours
are performed

Question 48

which result was not consistent with other research

Answer 48

In particular, we observed a significant increase in inactive behaviours, both
social and individual sleeping, in the training period compared to the
baseline period; this finding is not consistent with other research on
PRT in non-human primates

Question 49

how did they explain inconsistent result

Answer 49

A possible explanation could be that lemurs
need to rest after the training requirements and mental stimulation.
Importantly, inactive behaviour is never performed in excess by the
study lemurs (approximately 5% of the total time in the baseline and
21% in the training period) as wild ring-tailed lemurs have been found
to spend more than 50% of the time in inactive behaviour

Question 50

the significant decrease in locomotion during the

training period might indicate what?

Answer 50

the significant decrease in locomotion during the

training period might indicate an enhanced welfare of the study lemurs.

Question 51

ring-tailed lemurs performed significantly more
social behaviour during the training than the baseline period

what does this suggest

Answer 51

training may positively impact animal welfare by improving social relationships and reducing aggressive behaviour

Question 52

is the non-signif sex differences in line with other work?

Answer 52

is in line with marmosets but not chimpoanzess

Question 53

what did they conclude

Answer 53

when used to isolate individuals from their social
context, the PRT technique might be stressful for group-living primate
species, including lemurs. However, our results highlight that this
technique might improve the everyday social life of captive primates,
thus representing a good management tool

Question 54

Voluntary isolation of animals obtained using PRT offers what?

Answer 54

Voluntary isolation of animals obtained using PRT offers the opportunity of animal models and regular
health check of the subjects, representing a valid tool to enhance the
animal daily life as well as the quality of scientific data