4-5 Spiezio et al Flashcards
____ subjects were
observed during an isolation training protocol to induce the animals to enter an area (training area) _____ and
retrieve rewards ______from group members.
Eleven subjects were
observed during an isolation training protocol to induce the animals to enter an area (training area) calmly and
retrieve rewards separated from group members.
what were the two periods when the duration of individual and social behaviours were collected?
baseline period and training period
what was the baseline period
before the beginning of the isolation training protocol
when was data collected in the training period
in which the collection of the data started at the end of the isolation training sessions
behavioural data within the isolation training sessions were recorded
what was this data
behavioural data within the isolation training sessions (latency to enter the training area and
retrieve the reward, display of stress-related behaviours) were recorded
Outside the training sessions, lemurs
were out of sight significantly more in the ____ than in the _____
Outside the training sessions, lemurs
were out of sight significantly more in the baseline than int he training
Social behaviour was performed significantly more in the ____ than the ______
Social behaviour was performed significantly more in the training than the baseline
Agonistic behaviours were performed significantly more in the _____ than the _____
Agonistic behaviours were performed significantly more in the baseline than the training
what happened within the training session
all the individuals entered the training area, were isolated from conspecifics, and retrieved the reward in 6
out of 9 sessions
Our findings show that, during the PRT period, lemurs displayed their natural behaviour in
their everyday social life with significant increase of their ______ _____ and decrease of ______ ____ with benefits for their ____ ____
Our findings show that, during the PRT period, lemurs displayed their natural behaviour in
their everyday social life with significant increase of their affiliative behaviours and decrease of aggressive
behaviours with benefits for their welfare status
Thus, lemurs were able to cope with the use of PRT to do what?
Thus, lemurs were able to cope with the use of PRT to isolate
each individual from its social group
what did they conclude?
PRT may play a crucial role for the captive management of ring-tailed lemurs in captive facilities, including zoos.
what is Positive reinforcement training (PRT) based on
operant conditioning learning
when is PRT commonly used
PRT is commonly used in biomedical research, producing reliable results and guaranteeing the well-being of animals in laboratory settings
PRT, by using a ____ ____, helps to establish a relaxed atmosphere in stressful contexts, giving animals the
opportunity to choose and control the situation, with positive implications on their welfare
PRT, by using a positive reward, helps to establish a relaxed atmosphere in stressful contexts, giving animals the
opportunity to choose and control the situation, with positive implications on their welfare
other behaviours may indicate the
presence of stress in a new or unpredictable situation for the animals;
like what?
other behaviours may indicate the
presence of stress in a new or unpredictable situation for the animals;
for instance, locomotion, defecation, urination and over-grooming
The ring-tailed lemurs are strepsirrhines endemic to _____;
they are highly social primates and live in multi-male/multi-female
social groups of about ___-__ individuals
The ring-tailed lemurs are strepsirrhines endemic to Madagascar;
they are highly social primates and live in multi-male/multi-female
social groups of about 11–35 individuals
why would they want to isolate lemurs
being able to reward single
animals in isolation from conspecifics may be a valuable tool for their
husbandry and well-being, allowing the provision of medicines to
subordinate subjects, preventing aggression from conspecifics. Isolation
training might be helpful to prevent and avoid the long-term separation
of sick or injured subjects from their social group and to manage social
tensions.
This study investigated the effect of temporary isolation PRT on the
behaviour and welfare of a captive group of ring-tailed lemurs hosted at
_____, ___
This study investigated the effect of temporary isolation PRT on the
behaviour and welfare of a captive group of ring-tailed lemurs hosted at
Parco Natura Viva, Italy.
whatwas in the small compartment
The compartment contained a wooden shelf and a platform.
the baseline period was run
previously to the beginning of the _____to the training area
the baseline period was run
previously to the beginning of the habituation to the training area
The
habituation was necessary why?
The
habituation was necessary to get the lemurs used to a new area and
lasted for three weeks, before the beginning of the isolation training
programme
what was the reward
The reward was a piece of primate jelly consisting of
vegetables, fruits, nuts and honey (Viten®
, Udine, Italy), pleasant for the
lemurs and with low fat and sugar content
if no
lemurs entered the training area after ____ minutes, the training sessions
fnished and the subjects that remained in the indoor area were considered not willing to participate in the training session
if no
lemurs entered the training area after five minutes, the training sessions
fnished and the subjects that remained in the indoor area were considered not willing to participate in the training session
To prevent and minimize the stress of the lemurs, the duration of
each habituation and training session varied according to the subject
emotional state but never exceeded __min per lemur
To prevent and minimize the stress of the lemurs, the duration of
each habituation and training session varied according to the subject
emotional state but never exceeded 3 min per lemur
In both the baseline and the training periods a ____ ____ ____ ____ was used
In both the baseline and the training periods a continuous focal
animal sampling was used
In the baseline period,
___-____ __-__ sessions per lemur were run
In the baseline period,
twenty-two 10-min sessions per lemur were run
for each
subject, two sessions per day were carried out. when
mornning and afternoon over two weeks
The training programme period ceased when?
The training programme period ceased when all lemurs entered the
training area and retrieved the reward from the trainer for an arbitrary
number of four consecutive sessions.
what was collected
For each lemur and for
each training session, data on the frequency of participation (voluntary
entering the training area and being separated from conspecifics) and
retrieving of the reward were recorded; furthermore, data on the latency to enter the training area and to retrieve the reward as well as on
the duration of stress-related behaviours (self-scratching and licking,
defecation, urination and stereotypes, particularly head-rotation) were
collected.
Species-specific individual and social behaviours were displayed by
the lemurs and no abnormal behaviours were reported when?
Species-specific individual and social behaviours were displayed by
the lemurs and no abnormal behaviours were reported in both the
baseline and training periods.
inactive behaviours
(individual and social sleeping) were performed significantly less in the
___ than ___
inactive behaviours
(individual and social sleeping) were performed significantly less in the
baseline than training
No
significant differences were found for ____behaviour
No
significant differences were found for active behaviour
out of sight was
performed significantly more in the ____ than ____
out of sight was
performed significantly more in the baseline than training
No significant difference in overall _____behaviour
No significant difference in overall individual behaviour
within individual behaviour, _____, _____and ____were performed significantly less in the ___
period than in the ____ period
within individual behaviour, exploration, locomotion and sunning were performed significantly less in the training
period than in the baseline period
Overall social behaviours were performed significantly less in the
_____ than ____
Overall social behaviours were performed significantly less in the
baseline than training
within social behaviours, ____ behaviours were displayed significantly less in the ____ than ____
within social behaviours, agonistic behaviours were displayed significantly less in the training than baseline
___ ___ and other ____ behaviours were displayed more in the ___ than in the ___ period
social contact and other affiliative behaviours (grooming and
play) were displayed more in the training than in the baseline period
A
significant difference between the two periods was found for social
contact but not for other ____behaviour
A
significant difference between the two periods was found for social
contact but not for other affiliative behaviour
Regarding inactive behaviour, both social and individual sleeping
were performed significantly less in the ____
Regarding inactive behaviour, both social and individual sleeping
were performed significantly less in the baseline
____ sessions were required to the lemurs in order to retrieve the
reward for four sessions consecutively
Nine sessions were required to the lemurs in order to retrieve the
reward for four sessions consecutively
____ out of
11 lemurs took part in all training sessions, whereas ____ of the 11
subjects always took the rewards during the training
Seven out of
11 lemurs took part in all training sessions, whereas five of the 11
subjects always took the rewards during the training
, all of
the lemurs participated in a minimum of __% of the training sessions.
, all of
the lemurs participated in a minimum of 67% of the training sessions.
___ of the 11 subjects displayed stress-related behaviours during training
six of the 11 subjects displayed stress-related behaviours during training
_____ correlation between the latency to retrieve the reward
and the nine sessions was found
negative correlation between the latency to retrieve the reward
and the nine sessions was found
no sex diff
, findings of this study suggest what?
, findings of this study suggest that the study colony was in a
good state of welfare, since a variety of normal and specific behaviours
are performed
which result was not consistent with other research
In particular, we observed a significant increase in inactive behaviours, both
social and individual sleeping, in the training period compared to the
baseline period; this finding is not consistent with other research on
PRT in non-human primates
how did they explain inconsistent result
A possible explanation could be that lemurs
need to rest after the training requirements and mental stimulation.
Importantly, inactive behaviour is never performed in excess by the
study lemurs (approximately 5% of the total time in the baseline and
21% in the training period) as wild ring-tailed lemurs have been found
to spend more than 50% of the time in inactive behaviour
the significant decrease in locomotion during the
training period might indicate what?
the significant decrease in locomotion during the
training period might indicate an enhanced welfare of the study lemurs.
ring-tailed lemurs performed significantly more
social behaviour during the training than the baseline period
what does this suggest
training may positively impact animal welfare by improving social relationships and reducing aggressive behaviour
is the non-signif sex differences in line with other work?
is in line with marmosets but not chimpoanzess
what did they conclude
when used to isolate individuals from their social
context, the PRT technique might be stressful for group-living primate
species, including lemurs. However, our results highlight that this
technique might improve the everyday social life of captive primates,
thus representing a good management tool
Voluntary isolation of animals obtained using PRT offers what?
Voluntary isolation of animals obtained using PRT offers the opportunity of animal models and regular
health check of the subjects, representing a valid tool to enhance the
animal daily life as well as the quality of scientific data
