4-3 Ryan

Question 1

What does ESUs stand for?

Answer 1

evolutionarily significant units

Question 2

What were the axes for defining ESUs that evolved from this debate in 1978 endangered species act?

Answer 2

• adaptive variation
• emphasizing retention of genetic and phenotypic diversity
• vicariant evolutionary divergence

Question 3

What did Waples (1991) work on Pacific salmon emphasise?

Answer 3

Not only isolation but also uniqueness of population segments contributing to the evolutionary legacy of the species

Question 4

What was the definition of culture they used>

Answer 4

a behavior or skill acquired through horizontal transmission: social learning

Question 5

_____ ___ are barriers to dispersal in birds

Answer 5

Learned songs are barriers to dispersal in birds

Question 6

Learned songs are barriers to dispersal in birds

why

Answer 6

individuals with unrecognized songs are excluded from groups

and Slabbekoorn and
Smith (2002) even cited learned song exclusion as
a potential cause of speciation

Question 7

Amazonian parrot dialects maintain _____ ____

Answer 7

on. Amazonian parrot di-

alects maintain regional diverity

Question 8

song dialects in White-crowned Sparrows
(Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) are associated with
reductions in _____ _____ ____

Answer 8

song dialects in White-crowned Sparrows
(Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) are associated with
reductions in regional gene flow

Question 9

Vocal cultural transmission is clearly analogous to _______ _____ in humans

Answer 9

Vocal cul-
tural transmission is clearly analogous to ethnolinguistic
groups in humans

Question 10

Examples of culture in birds

Answer 10

• learned courtship & mating patterns influencing female mate choice and population structure in cowbirds
• tool use & technological evolution in crows

Question 11

). Another well-studied cultural phe-
nomenon is ____washing behavior of Japanese snow
monkeys

Answer 11

). Another well-studied cultural phe-
nomenon is potato washing behavior of Japanese snow
monkeys

Question 12

What is the advantage of learning socially transmitted behaviours?

Answer 12

The advan-
tage of learning socially transmitted behaviors may benefit
the group whose members have the behavior over those
that do not.

Question 13

The 2004 update on the status of
southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) explicitly
includes _____and ______ considerations for popu-
lation persistence of North Pacific killer whales (Krahn et
al. 2004)

Answer 13

nce. The 2004 update on the status of
southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) explicitly
includes behavioral and cultural considerations for popu-
lation persistence of North Pacific killer whales (Krahn et
al. 2004)

Question 14

Krahn et al argued what

Answer 14

They argue that behaviors such as depredating
long-line caught fish may be behaviorally transmitted from
the southern residents to other segments of the North Pacific subspecies.

Question 15

Odling-Smee et al. (2003) argue that evolution occurs

in part because of what?

Answer 15

Odling-Smee et al. (2003) argue that evolution occurs

in part because of niche modification by individuals

Question 16

ndividuals. By
changing the landscape on which adaptation acts, or-
ganisms guide their own what?

Answer 16

ndividuals. By
changing the landscape on which adaptation acts, or-
ganisms guide their own evolution

Question 17

Learned behaviors that lead to population structuring
can take on many forms

such as what

Answer 17

from dialects to tool use to

learned niche modification

Question 18

The timescale over which culture

alone could affect a distinct population segment may differ from ____ ___ ____ ___ ______

Answer 18

The timescale over which culture

alone could affect a distinct population segment may differ from simultaneous ongoing mechanisms of isolation

Question 19

We
cannot know a priori which _____ __ ______ is
driving a population toward genetic distinction

Answer 19

We
cannot know a priori which mechanism of isolation is
driving a population toward genetic distinction

Question 20

I
propose that _____ _____ represents a third axis in
the ESU framework

Answer 20

I
propose that cultural isolation represents a third axis in
the ESU framework

Question 21

The degree to

which a population segment has become culturally isolated will ultimately give rise to what?

Answer 21

The degree to
which a population segment has become culturally isolated will ultimately give rise to genetic distinction and
similarly to geographic and historic isolation.

Question 22

Identifying ___ prior to enacting a conservation plan

may be vital to a population’s persistence.

Answer 22

Identifying CSUs prior to enacting a conservation plan

may be vital to a population’s persistence.

Question 23

what are CSUs

Answer 23

culturally significant units

Question 24

Identifying CSUs prior to enacting a conservation plan
may be vital to a population’s persistence

what is an example of this?

Answer 24

For example,
the Amazonian parrots (Wright & Wilkinson 2001), with
clear dialectic lines, must be managed as separate units
rather than one population. However, as may more often
be the case, by the time a population is small or sufficiently fragmented to attract attention, identifying CSUs
may be moot.

Question 25

The optimal strategy is what one would do given what?

Answer 25

The optimal strategy is what one would do given infinite time, resources, and information.

Question 26

The triage strategy is what one would do when?

Answer 26

The triage strategy is what one would do in a less

than ideal situation but still consider CSUs.

Question 27

Protect critical habitat. Optimal

Answer 27

Identify and retain all habitat used and associated with CSUs

Question 28

Protect critical habitat. Triage

Answer 28

Identify priority CSU and specific habitat, particularly in the case of niche
modification

Question 29

Translocation optimal

Answer 29

Translocate a sufficient number of individuals to retain the entire suite of
CSUs identified.

Question 30

Translocation triage

Answer 30

Ensure that translocated individuals are from the same CSU if there is
already sufficient population substructure.
Alternately, if the CSU is still plastic, the goal may be to maximize the
breadth of the trait. In this case, individuals of as many CSUs as possible
should be translocated.

Question 31

Captive breeding optimal and triage

Answer 31

Similar to translocation, with the added caveat that if CSUs are evolving as a
form of local adaptation and niche modification, the captive habitat must
reflect that local selection landscape

Question 32

Reintroduction optimal

Answer 32

In the optimal situation, a reintroduction will comprise sufficient numbers
and allelic diversity to allow behavioral, phenotypic, and cultural
plasticity in the face of an environment that may be different from that in
which the species were raised

Question 33

Reintroduction triage

Answer 33

On the basis of the philosophy that one would want reintroduction to
promote survival and reproduction, the individuals that can survive and
reproduce together (same CSU) ought to be reintroduced together

Question 34

Maintaining diversity while managing small populations, through translocations, captive breeding, and reintroduction, is often undertaken and measured at a _____ level

Answer 34

Maintaining diversity while managing small populations, through translocations, captive breeding, and reintroduction, is often undertaken and measured at a genetic level

Question 35

Culturally significant units present the conundrum of
opposing strategies:

what are they

Answer 35

Culturally significant units present the conundrum of

opposing strategies: maximizing variation versus preserving uniqueness

Question 36

When a population is so small that demographic goals override genetic consideration, cultural
considerations must also do what?

Answer 36

When a population is so small that demographic goals override genetic consideration, cultural
considerations must also fall by the wayside

Question 37

Captive female gorillas who had not been raised by their mothers
or joined a social group after weaning were incapable of
??????????, and in many cases could not
?????????

Answer 37

Captive female gorillas who had not been raised by their mothers
or joined a social group after weaning were incapable of
raising their own offspring, and in many cases could not
reproduce owing to a lack of learned copulatory behaviorv

Question 38

what is an important first step to establishing appropriate conservation plans?

Answer 38

Simply raising the level of awareness of CSUs among

conservation biologists is an important first step to establishing appropriate conservation plans