4-3 Ryan Flashcards
What does ESUs stand for?
evolutionarily significant units
What were the axes for defining ESUs that evolved from this debate in 1978 endangered species act?
- adaptive variation
- emphasizing retention of genetic and phenotypic diversity
- vicariant evolutionary divergence
What did Waples (1991) work on Pacific salmon emphasise?
Not only isolation but also uniqueness of population segments contributing to the evolutionary legacy of the species
What was the definition of culture they used>
a behavior or skill acquired through horizontal transmission: social learning
_____ ___ are barriers to dispersal in birds
Learned songs are barriers to dispersal in birds
Learned songs are barriers to dispersal in birds
why
individuals with unrecognized songs are excluded from groups
and Slabbekoorn and
Smith (2002) even cited learned song exclusion as
a potential cause of speciation
Amazonian parrot dialects maintain _____ ____
on. Amazonian parrot di-
alects maintain regional diverity
song dialects in White-crowned Sparrows
(Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) are associated with
reductions in _____ _____ ____
song dialects in White-crowned Sparrows
(Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) are associated with
reductions in regional gene flow
Vocal cultural transmission is clearly analogous to _______ _____ in humans
Vocal cul-
tural transmission is clearly analogous to ethnolinguistic
groups in humans
Examples of culture in birds
- learned courtship & mating patterns influencing female mate choice and population structure in cowbirds
- tool use & technological evolution in crows
). Another well-studied cultural phe-
nomenon is ____washing behavior of Japanese snow
monkeys
). Another well-studied cultural phe-
nomenon is potato washing behavior of Japanese snow
monkeys
What is the advantage of learning socially transmitted behaviours?
The advan-
tage of learning socially transmitted behaviors may benefit
the group whose members have the behavior over those
that do not.
The 2004 update on the status of
southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) explicitly
includes _____and ______ considerations for popu-
lation persistence of North Pacific killer whales (Krahn et
al. 2004)
nce. The 2004 update on the status of
southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) explicitly
includes behavioral and cultural considerations for popu-
lation persistence of North Pacific killer whales (Krahn et
al. 2004)
Krahn et al argued what
They argue that behaviors such as depredating
long-line caught fish may be behaviorally transmitted from
the southern residents to other segments of the North Pacific subspecies.
Odling-Smee et al. (2003) argue that evolution occurs
in part because of what?
Odling-Smee et al. (2003) argue that evolution occurs
in part because of niche modification by individuals
ndividuals. By
changing the landscape on which adaptation acts, or-
ganisms guide their own what?
ndividuals. By
changing the landscape on which adaptation acts, or-
ganisms guide their own evolution
Learned behaviors that lead to population structuring
can take on many forms
such as what
from dialects to tool use to
learned niche modification
The timescale over which culture
alone could affect a distinct population segment may differ from ____ ___ ____ ___ ______
The timescale over which culture
alone could affect a distinct population segment may differ from simultaneous ongoing mechanisms of isolation
We
cannot know a priori which _____ __ ______ is
driving a population toward genetic distinction
We
cannot know a priori which mechanism of isolation is
driving a population toward genetic distinction
I
propose that _____ _____ represents a third axis in
the ESU framework
I
propose that cultural isolation represents a third axis in
the ESU framework
The degree to
which a population segment has become culturally isolated will ultimately give rise to what?
The degree to
which a population segment has become culturally isolated will ultimately give rise to genetic distinction and
similarly to geographic and historic isolation.
Identifying ___ prior to enacting a conservation plan
may be vital to a population’s persistence.
Identifying CSUs prior to enacting a conservation plan
may be vital to a population’s persistence.
what are CSUs
culturally significant units
Identifying CSUs prior to enacting a conservation plan
may be vital to a population’s persistence
what is an example of this?
For example,
the Amazonian parrots (Wright & Wilkinson 2001), with
clear dialectic lines, must be managed as separate units
rather than one population. However, as may more often
be the case, by the time a population is small or sufficiently fragmented to attract attention, identifying CSUs
may be moot.
The optimal strategy is what one would do given what?
The optimal strategy is what one would do given infinite time, resources, and information.
The triage strategy is what one would do when?
The triage strategy is what one would do in a less
than ideal situation but still consider CSUs.
Protect critical habitat. Optimal
Identify and retain all habitat used and associated with CSUs
Protect critical habitat. Triage
Identify priority CSU and specific habitat, particularly in the case of niche
modification
Translocation optimal
Translocate a sufficient number of individuals to retain the entire suite of
CSUs identified.
Translocation triage
Ensure that translocated individuals are from the same CSU if there is
already sufficient population substructure.
Alternately, if the CSU is still plastic, the goal may be to maximize the
breadth of the trait. In this case, individuals of as many CSUs as possible
should be translocated.
Captive breeding optimal and triage
Similar to translocation, with the added caveat that if CSUs are evolving as a
form of local adaptation and niche modification, the captive habitat must
reflect that local selection landscape
Reintroduction optimal
In the optimal situation, a reintroduction will comprise sufficient numbers
and allelic diversity to allow behavioral, phenotypic, and cultural
plasticity in the face of an environment that may be different from that in
which the species were raised
Reintroduction triage
On the basis of the philosophy that one would want reintroduction to promote survival and reproduction, the individuals that can survive and reproduce together (same CSU) ought to be reintroduced together
Maintaining diversity while managing small populations, through translocations, captive breeding, and reintroduction, is often undertaken and measured at a _____ level
Maintaining diversity while managing small populations, through translocations, captive breeding, and reintroduction, is often undertaken and measured at a genetic level
Culturally significant units present the conundrum of
opposing strategies:
what are they
Culturally significant units present the conundrum of
opposing strategies: maximizing variation versus preserving uniqueness
When a population is so small that demographic goals override genetic consideration, cultural
considerations must also do what?
When a population is so small that demographic goals override genetic consideration, cultural
considerations must also fall by the wayside
Captive female gorillas who had not been raised by their mothers
or joined a social group after weaning were incapable of
??????????, and in many cases could not
?????????
Captive female gorillas who had not been raised by their mothers
or joined a social group after weaning were incapable of
raising their own offspring, and in many cases could not
reproduce owing to a lack of learned copulatory behaviorv
what is an important first step to establishing appropriate conservation plans?
Simply raising the level of awareness of CSUs among
conservation biologists is an important first step to establishing appropriate conservation plans
