2-3- Gall et al., 2019

Question 1

In seasonal breeders, there are _______, ______, and ______adaptations that promote the sexual receptivity
of females

Answer 1

In seasonal breeders, there are behavioral, endocrine, and neural adaptations that promote the sexual receptivity
of females

Question 2

who were the study’s subjects?

Answer 2

wild female Cope’s gray

treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis)

Question 3

what was the hypothesis tested?

Answer 3

we tested the hypothesis that oviposition results in a suite of coordinated changes in
the sexual phenotype

Question 4

what did they predict would happen?

Answer 4

Specifically, we predicted that sexual receptivity and discrimination behaviors would
decline along with circulating concentrations of steroid hormones (corticosterone, estradiol, testosterone) and
auditory sensitivity to the acoustic frequencies emphasized in male advertisement calls. We conducted these trait
measurements before and after oviposition (ca. 24-h period).

Question 5

There was a ___% decrease in behavioral responsiveness after oviposition

Answer 5

There was a 100% decrease in behavioral responsiveness after oviposition

Question 6

There was a 100% decrease in behavioral responsiveness after oviposition, and the concentrations of all three steroids plummeted during this brief window
of time, especially _____.

Answer 6

There was a 100% decrease in behavioral responsiveness after oviposition, and the concentrations of all three steroids plummeted during this brief window
of time, especially testosterone.

Question 7

Moreover, higher concentrations of _______—an important component of
the endocrine stress response—were associated with longer response latencies

Answer 7

Moreover, higher concentrations of corticosterone—an important component of
the endocrine stress response—were associated with longer response latencies

Question 8

Moreover, higher concentrations of corticosterone—an important component of
the endocrine stress response—were associated with longer response latencies

what does this suggest?

Answer 8

that adrenal hormones

should be considered in future studies on the hormonal basis of mate choice

Question 9

Counter to our prediction, auditory
sensitivity _______following oviposition, and the amplitude of the auditory brainstem response was influenced
by concentrations of ______.

Answer 9

Counter to our prediction, auditory
sensitivity increased following oviposition, and the amplitude of the auditory brainstem response was influenced
by concentrations of estradiol.

Question 10

In pre-oviposition females auditory sensitivity diminished with increasing _____ concentrations, while sensitivity increased with increasing ______ concentrations in post-oviposition
females

Answer 10

In pre-oviposition females auditory sensitivity diminished with increasing estradiol concentrations, while sensitivity increased with increasing estradiol concentrations in post-oviposition
females

Question 11

In __-______ females auditory sensitivity diminished with increasing estradiol concentrations,

Answer 11

In pre-oviposition females auditory sensitivity diminished with increasing estradiol concentrations,

Question 12

sensitivity increased with increasing estradiol concentrations in ___-_____
females

Answer 12

sensitivity increased with increasing estradiol concentrations in post-oviposition
females

Question 13

In pre-oviposition females auditory sensitivity diminished with increasing estradiol concentrations, while sensitivity increased with increasing estradiol concentrations in post-oviposition
females

what does this suggest?

Answer 13

non-linear estrogenic modulation of peripheral auditory neural recruitment

Question 14

For vertebrates that rely on their auditory system during
mate choice, these mechanisms may include the ____ and ______
of the auditory system and the ____ _____ that modulate activity
in those pathways and other sexually relevant brain areas

Answer 14

For vertebrates that rely on their auditory system during
mate choice, these mechanisms may include the tuning and sensitivity
of the auditory system and the endocrine systems that modulate activity
in those pathways and other sexually relevant brain areas

Question 15

For most ectothermic vertebrates, the act of breeding involves what?

Answer 15

For most ectothermic vertebrates, the act of breeding involves a
quick life history transition from social to non-social

Question 16

In female anuran

amphibians (frogs and toads), this transition often occurs over how long?

Answer 16

In female anuran
amphibians (frogs and toads), this transition often occurs over the
course of a single day

Question 17

One major class of mechanisms to examine is the gonadal and
adrenal steroid hormones. why?

Answer 17

One major class of mechanisms to examine is the gonadal and
adrenal steroid hormones because they are known to modulate vertebrate reproductive behavior

Question 18

in many songbird species,
_____ implants elevate the frequency of copulation solicitation
displays in females

Answer 18

in many songbird species,
estradiol (E2) implants elevate the frequency of copulation solicitation
displays in females

Question 19

female túngara
frogs are most receptive to
male advertisement calls when found in _____ (Lynch et al., 2005),
which coincides with females having elevated concentrations of ______ and ____, both of which decline after mating

Answer 19

female túngara
frogs [Physalaemus (=Engystomops) pustulosus] are most receptive to
male advertisement calls when found in amplexus (Lynch et al., 2005),
which coincides with females having elevated concentrations of progesterone (PROG) and E2, both of which decline after mating

Question 20

. Experimentally elevating E2

in female túngara frogs using E2 injections or human chorionic gonadotropin injections increases what?

Answer 20

. Experimentally elevating E2
in female túngara frogs using E2 injections or human chorionic gonadotropin injections (hCG; Chakraborty and Burmeister, 2009; Lynch
et al., 2005) increases female receptivity (approach toward mating
calls, phonotaxis) prior to copulation.

Question 21

In female gray treefrogs, injections with PROG and
prostaglandins also increase ______ compared to vehicle controls and females with higher concentrations of ____ and __
are more receptive

Answer 21

In female gray treefrogs, injections with PROG and
prostaglandins also increase receptivity compared to vehicle controls and females with higher concentrations of PROG and E2
are more receptive

Question 22

recent evidence has
also shown that adrenal/interrenal hormones such as _______
modulate aspects of female mate choice across a range of vertebrate
taxa, including mammals , birds , reptiles , and
amphibians

Answer 22

recent evidence has
also shown that adrenal/interrenal hormones such as glucocorticoids
modulate aspects of female mate choice across a range of vertebrate
taxa, including mammals (DeVries et al., 1996), birds (Woodgate et al.,
2010), reptiles (Vitousek, 2009; Vitousek and Romero, 2013), and
amphibians (Davis and Leary, 2015).

Question 23

In the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea,

experimentally elevated concentrations of ______ reduced the species-typical preference for higher call rates

Answer 23

In the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea,
experimentally elevated concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) reduced the species-typical preference for higher call rates

Question 24

Such transient behavioral receptivity indicates that the nervous
system is what?

Answer 24

Such transient behavioral receptivity indicates that the nervous
system is rapidly changing as well.

Question 25

In frogs, fishes and birds, peripheral and
central auditory processing exhibit seasonal or socially induced changes
that are associated with what?

Answer 25

In frogs, fishes and birds, peripheral and
central auditory processing exhibit seasonal or socially induced changes
(Hillery, 1984; Sisneros and Bass, 2003; Velez et al., 2015; Gall and
Wilczynski, 2015) that are associated with changes in reproductive
state.

Question 26

This seasonal and socially-modulated plasticity is thought to be
influenced by changes in what?

Answer 26

This seasonal and socially-modulated plasticity is thought to be
influenced by changes in steroid hormones

Question 27

there is growing evidence that steroid hormones modulate

both _____and ____ auditory processing

Answer 27

there is growing evidence that steroid hormones modulate

both peripheral and central auditory processing

Question 28

In general, estradiol has
been shown to increase ____ _____, although high levels of circulating estradiol appear to inhibit
____ _____ in some cases .

Answer 28

In general, estradiol has
been shown to increase auditory sensitivity , although high levels of circulating estradiol appear to inhibit
auditory function in some cases .

Question 29

which three features of the sexual phenotype of females did they test?

Answer 29

circulating hormone levels, sensitivity of the peripheral auditory system to the spectral content of advertisement calls, and
behavioral receptivity to male advertisement calls

Question 30

What were the four predictions?

Answer 30

First, sexual receptivity in females will be markedly transient—females will suddenly enter a behaviorally refractory period
following oviposition.

Second, coincident with a reduction in behavioral responsiveness will be declines in plasma gonadal
and interrenal hormone concentrations

Third, coincident with
reductions in behavior and hormones, peripheral auditory sensitivity to
the acoustic properties of male advertisement calls will decline following oviposition.

Fourth, changes in auditory sensitivity and behavior are correlated with circulating steroid hormones.

Question 31

Where was the study carried out?

Answer 31

This study was carried out on the St. Paul campus of the University
of Minnesota

Question 32

where were the treefrogs taken from

Answer 32

In June 2017 we collected mating pairs of the western
genetic lineage of Cope’s gray treefrog (Ptacek et al., 1994) from wetlands located in the Carver Park Reserve (Carver County, MN), the
Crow-Hassan Park Reserve (Hennepin County, MN), and the Hyland
Lake Park Reserve (Hennepin County, MN)

Question 33

Pairs found in ____

were collected

Answer 33

Pairs found in amplexus

were collected

Question 34

All pairs except the ‘no chill’ group were

then maintained at approximately __ °C until the following day

Answer 34

All pairs except the ‘no chill’ group were

then maintained at approximately 4 °C until the following day

Question 35

The ‘no chill’ group was

sampled for ___ _____ immediately upon return from the field

Answer 35

The ‘no chill’ group was

sampled for plasma hormones immediately upon return from the field

Question 36

post-oviposition females were allowed to oviposit during a 24-hour
period at __°C in individual tanks with water

Answer 36

post-oviposition females were allowed to oviposit during a 24-hour
period at 20 °C in individual tanks with water

Question 37

Frogs were
randomly assigned to one of ___ states and were further assigned
randomly to one of ____ experimental groups or one of ___ control
groups.

Answer 37

Frogs were
randomly assigned to one of these two states and were further assigned
randomly to one of two experimental groups or one of two control
groups.

Question 38

The two experimental groups
included females tested for behavior in __-_____ (N = 21) or
__-______ (N = 20) states; and females tested for AEPs in __-_____ (N = 13) or ___-_____ (N = 13) states

Answer 38

The two experimental groups
included females tested for behavior in pre-oviposition (N = 21) or
post-oviposition (N = 20) states; and females tested for AEPs in preoviposition (N = 13) or post-oviposition (N = 13) states

Question 39

All

experimental females were held at __ °C following collection.

Answer 39

All

experimental females were held at 4 °C following collection.

Question 40

What were the control groups?

Answer 40

• the ‘no chill’ females were not held at 4 °C and not tested
  for behavior or AEPs but were sampled for plasma hormones in the preoviposition state
• females were not tested for behavior or AEPs but were held at 4 °C and sampled for plasma hormones in either the pre-oviposition (N = 20) or post-oviposition
  (N = 16) state

Question 41

what did the ‘no chill’ group allow them to evaluate

Answer 41

this ‘no chill’ group allowed us to evaluate the
potential effect that this holding procedure had on plasma hormones in
our study species.

Question 42

Testing our hypotheses involved an experimental design trade-of

what was it?

Answer 42

because the act of ovipositing inevitably takes time, the pre-oviposition
and post-oviposition females differed not only in whether or not they
had oviposited, but also in the duration of time they were held since
capture in the field before being tested (i.e., a time confound)

Question 43

If we
were to control for total time held, pre-oviposition females would have
to be held for an additional 24 h at 4 °C to delay oviposition.

Therefore, we chose to do what?

Answer 43

If we
were to control for total time held, pre-oviposition females would have
to be held for an additional 24 h at 4 °C to delay oviposition.

Therefore, we chose to control for time at 4 °C, rather than total time held in the lab, because we have previously observed that females held for more
than about 3 days at 4 °C tend to exhibit reduced behavioral receptivity

Question 44

post-oviposition females were tested

for the ___ phenotypic attributes following an additional 24-hour post-capture period compared to preoviposition females

Answer 44

post-oviposition females were tested
for the three phenotypic attributes (behavior, hormones, AEP) following an additional 24-hour post-capture period compared to preoviposition females

Question 45

post-oviposition females were tested
for the three phenotypic attributes (___, ____, ____) following an additional 24-hour post-capture period compared to preoviposition females

Answer 45

post-oviposition females were tested
for the three phenotypic attributes (behavior, hormones, AEP) following an additional 24-hour post-capture period compared to preoviposition females

Question 46

Approximately 20 to 40 min prior to behavioral or auditory testing
or control group blood sampling, we allowed pre-oviposition pairs to
reach body temperatures of __± _ °C in an incubator

Answer 46

Approximately 20 to 40 min prior to behavioral or auditory testing
or control group blood sampling, we allowed pre-oviposition pairs to
reach body temperatures of 20 ± 2 °C in an incubator

Question 47

All blood sampling for the
experimental groups took place immediately following the _____
or ____testing procedures.

Answer 47

All blood sampling for the
experimental groups took place immediately following the behavioral
or AEP testing procedures.

Question 48

All frogs were measured for ___ ____ before and after oviposition
(to the nearest 0.01 g) and were measured for two estimates of body
length (_______ and _______) using calipers
(to the nearest 0.01 mm).

Answer 48

All frogs were measured for body mass before and after oviposition
(to the nearest 0.01 g) and were measured for two estimates of body
length (snout-vent length, SVL; tibia-fibula length, TFL) using calipers
(to the nearest 0.01 mm).

Question 49

Body mass correlated positively and strongly
with both ___ and ___ in both the pre-oviposition and post-oviposition
states

but the correlation was nominally higher
using ___.

Answer 49

Body mass correlated positively and strongly
with both SVL and TFL in both the pre-oviposition and post-oviposition
states

but the correlation was nominally higher
using TFL.

Question 50

Each female assigned to the behavior group was tested in two behavior trials

what were they?

Answer 50

• recognition test

- discrimination test

Question 51

what happened in the recognition test?

Answer 51

a single speaker broadcast a synthetic
H. chrysoscelis call

Each pulse in
this “standard call” was created by adding two phase-locked sinusoids
with frequencies (and relative amplitudes) of 1250 Hz (−11 dB) and
2500 Hz (0 dB).

Thirty identical pulses were concatenated to create an
average-length call

The call was broadcast at a rate of 11 calls/min.

Question 52

what happened in the discrimination test?

Answer 52

one speaker broadcast the standard call and the opposite speaker
broadcast a synthetic “alternative call” designed to simulate the advertisement call of a closely related species, the eastern gray treefrog
(Hyla versicolor).

. The alternative call had the same frequency spectrum
and call rate as the standard call, but a slower pulse rate of 20 pulses/s.
The pulse duty cycle of the slow pulse-rate alternative was maintained
at 50%

values of pulse
rise and fall times were equivalent to those in the standard call in terms
of their proportions of pulse duration

Question 53

what closely related species call was used in the discrimination test?

Answer 53

eastern gray treefrog

Hyla versicolor

Question 54

how was the eastern gray treefrog;s call different?

Answer 54

. The alternative call had the same frequency spectrum
and call rate as the standard call, but a slower pulse rate of 20 pulses/s.
The pulse duty cycle of the slow pulse-rate alternative was maintained
at 50%

Question 55

Females of H. chrysoscelis

strongly discriminate against this ___ ___ ___ ___

Answer 55

Females of H. chrysoscelis

strongly discriminate against this slower pulse repetition rate

Question 56

For each female we
randomly determined whether the recognition test or discrimination
test would be performed ___ or ____

Answer 56

For each female we
randomly determined whether the recognition test or discrimination
test would be performed first or second,

Question 57

For each trial, the female was placed in an __________ located at the center of the ____ (origin) and _ m from
each speaker

Answer 57

For each trial, the female was placed in an acoustically transparent
release cage located at the center of the arena (origin) and 1 m from
each speaker

Question 58

We broadcast the stimuli for _min prior to releasing the

female by remotely lifting the lid of the release cage

Answer 58

We broadcast the stimuli for 1 min prior to releasing the

female by remotely lifting the lid of the release cage

Question 59

During each trial

we recorded her ______ , ______, and, _______

Answer 59

During each trial
we recorded her latency to exit the origin (“origin latency”), her latency
to enter a response zone (“response latency”), and, in the discrimination
test, which stimulus was chosen, if any (“choice”).

Question 60

Females were given
up to __min to enter a response zone; typical response latencies in this
species are on the order of __-__s.

Answer 60

Females were given
up to 5 min to enter a response zone; typical response latencies in this
species are on the order of 70–90 s.

Question 61

We used measures of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to assess what?

Answer 61

We used measures of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to assess changes in the peripheral sensitivity of the auditory system

Question 62

ABR is a form of AEP that reflects what?

Answer 62

ABR is a form of AEP that reflects the synchronous activity of auditory
nerve fibers and can be used as a minimally-invasive physiological
measure of peripheral auditory sensitivity

Question 63

ivity of the peripheral auditory system to the two spectral components
of the male advertisement call. Each tone burst was constructed by
adding two phase-locked sinusoids (starting phase of 0°) with frequencies (and relative amplitudes) of ____Hz (___dB) and ___Hz
(__ dB).

Answer 63

ivity of the peripheral auditory system to the two spectral components
of the male advertisement call. Each tone burst was constructed by
adding two phase-locked sinusoids (starting phase of 0°) with frequencies (and relative amplitudes) of 1250 Hz (−11 dB) and 2500 Hz
(0 dB).

Question 64

Females were immobilized with what?

Answer 64

Females were immobilized with an intramuscular injection of succinylcholine chloride in frog ringer’s solution

Question 65

We applied a 2.5% ___-solution to

the head of the female and then inserted three subdermal needle electrodes

Answer 65

We applied a 2.5% lidocaine solution to

the head of the female and then inserted three subdermal needle electrodes

Question 66

Immediately following body measurements in the ‘no chill’ and
control groups (Fig. 1), or after behavior and AEP testing in the experimental groups, we collected blood by \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 66

Immediately following body measurements in the ‘no chill’ and
control groups (Fig. 1), or after behavior and AEP testing in the experimental groups, we collected blood by cardiac puncture, a technique
that has been used successfully in other North American treefrogs

Question 67

Parallelism was

conducted by what?

Answer 67

Parallelism was

conducted by serially diluting plasma pools.

Question 68

what statistics did they use?

Answer 68

We used paired t-tests to analyze the within-subject results from
behavioral tests and Pearson’s correlations for the hormone-behavior
correlations.

We used separate general
linear models to evaluate the effects of two between-subjects factors,
group (control, behavior, AEP) and reproductive state (pre-oviposition
and post-oviposition), on hormone concentrations, which were log10
transformed to improve normality.

Question 69

what was the purpose of the behavioural experiments?

Answer 69

The purpose of our behavioral experiments was to determine the
extent to which females suddenly become behaviorally unresponsive to
male advertisement calls following oviposition.

Question 70

We found strong support for our prediction that the act of ____ would be associated
with reduction in female sexual receptivity.

Answer 70

We found strong support for our prediction that the act of ovipositing would be associated
with reduction in female sexual receptivity.

Question 71

__% pre-oviposition females (N = 21) exhibited robust positive phonotaxis
in both the recognition and discrimination trials, and in ____% of trials females entered the response zone for the standard call.

Answer 71

100% pre-oviposition females (N = 21) exhibited robust positive phonotaxis
in both the recognition and discrimination trials, and in every trial females entered the response zone for the standard call.

Question 72

l. Pre-oviposition
females did not exhibit differences in mean ( ± SE) latencies between
the ______and ______tests

Answer 72

l. Pre-oviposition
females did not exhibit differences in mean ( ± SE) latencies between
the recognition and discrimination tests

Question 73

Pre-oviposition
females did not exhibit differences in mean ( ± SE) latencies between
the recognition and discrimination tests

Latencies were somewhat longer, however, on
the ____ compared to the ____ trial

Answer 73

Latencies were somewhat longer, however, on

the first compared to the second trial

Question 74

In contrast to the pre-oviposition females, none of the
post-oviposition females exhibited ______ (i.e. N = 0 of 20); in fact
post-oviposition females exited the origin in only ___% of trials (8/40),
and were motionless in the remaining ___% of trials.

Answer 74

In contrast to the pre-oviposition females, none of the
post-oviposition females exhibited phonotaxis (i.e. N = 0 of 20); in fact
post-oviposition females exited the origin in only 20% of trials (8/40),
and were motionless in the remaining 80% of trials.

Question 75

we
found that females unanimously exhibited robust____ ____
toward the standard call when tested immediately (< __ min) following
cardiac puncture

Answer 75

we
found that females unanimously exhibited robust positive phonotaxis
toward the standard call when tested immediately (< 2 min) following
cardiac puncture

Question 76

A major purpose of our plasma hormone measures was to determine
what?

Answer 76

A major purpose of our plasma hormone measures was to determine
the extent to which concentrations were lower following oviposition

Question 77

We found strong support for our prediction that plasma hormone concentrations would be ___after ____in concert with abolished
behavioral receptivity.

Answer 77

We found strong support for our prediction that plasma hormone concentrations would be lower after oviposition in concert with abolished
behavioral receptivity.

Question 78

Moreover, we found that the largest and most
consistent differences between the reproductive states were in the
concentrations of the two ____ ____, especially _____.

Answer 78

Moreover, we found that the largest and most
consistent differences between the reproductive states were in the
concentrations of the two gonadal steroids, especially testosterone.

Question 79

However, we also identified a negative correlation between circulating
levels of _____ and behavioral response latencies in ___-____ females.

Answer 79

However, we also identified a negative correlation between circulating
levels of corticosterone and behavioral response latencies in pre-oviposition females.

Question 80

Overall, concentrations of CORT were highly variable among all frogs, spanning more than ___ ____ of magnitude and varied significantly across ____ ___ and ____

Answer 80

Overall, concentrations of CORT were highly variable among all
frogs, spanning more than two orders of magnitude and varied significantly across reproductive states and groups

Question 81

Concentrations of

CORT were substantially lower following _____

Answer 81

Concentrations of

CORT were substantially lower following oviposition

Question 82

Concentrations of
CORT were substantially lower following oviposition

This
effect was observed in each of the three groups (behavior, AEP, control)
and was of similar magnitude, as indicated by a significant main effect
of ____ ____ and no significant interaction between ___ ___ and ___

Answer 82

This
effect was observed in each of the three groups (behavior, AEP, control)
and was of similar magnitude, as indicated by a significant main effect
of reproductive state and no significant interaction between reproductive state and group

Question 83

There was, however, a
main effect of group , with
AEP tested females experiencing elevated ___ compared to the ____group

Answer 83

There was, however, a
main effect of group (F2,101 = 4.2, p = 0.02, eta-squared = 0.08), with
AEP tested females experiencing elevated CORT compared to the behavior group

Question 84

. There were no significant correlations between CORT and any of the biometric variables (___, ____, ___) or
___ and ___ of testing in either the pre-oviposition or post-oviposition
states

Answer 84

. There were no significant correlations between CORT and any of the biometric variables (TFL, mass, RBM) or
date and time of testing in either the pre-oviposition or post-oviposition
states

Question 85

Holding females at 4 °C prior to testing did/did not

affect concentrations of plasma CORT

Answer 85

Holding females at 4 °C prior to testing did not

affect concentrations of plasma CORT

Question 86

Overall, concentrations of E2 were ____ variable among frogs than
CORT, spanning one order of magnitude

Answer 86

Overall, concentrations of E2 were less variable among frogs than
CORT, spanning one order of magnitude

Question 87

Like CORT, concentrations of E2 were

substantially _____following ______

Answer 87

Like CORT, concentrations of E2 were

substantially lower following oviposition

Question 88

Like CORT, concentrations of E2 were
substantially lower following oviposition

This effect was observed in each of the three groups (behavior, AEP, control) and was of
similar magnitude, which is reflected by a significant main effect of
_____ ____
but no main effect of ____

no interaction between ____ ____and ___

Answer 88

This effect was observed in each of the three groups (behavior, AEP, control) and was of
similar magnitude, which is reflected by a significant main effect of
reproductive state (F1,101 = 21.0, p = 0.00001, eta-squared = 0.17)
but no main effect of group

no interaction between reproductive state and
group

Question 89

There were no significant correlations between E2 and any of the _____ ______
(TFL, mass, RBM) or ___and ____ of testing in either of the reproductive states

Answer 89

There were no significant correlations between E2 and any of the biometric variables
(TFL, mass, RBM) or date and time of testing in either of the reproductive states

Question 90

why did they chose not to measuer T

Answer 90

The plasma sample for one female (pre-oviposition behavior) was
insufficient in volume to measure all three steroids and thus we chose
not to measure T,

Question 91

Overall, concentrations of T were highly ____ among frogs,

spanning more than ___ ____ of magnitude and varied significantly in the omnibus test of the model

Answer 91

Overall, concentrations of T were highly variable among frogs,
spanning more than two orders of magnitude (mean ± SE:
3.6 ± 0.4 ng mL−1
; range: 0.09–26.1 ng mL−1
) and varied significantly in the omnibus test of the model

Question 92

Concentrations of T were substantially lower following ____

Answer 92

Concentrations of T were substantially lower following oviposition

Question 93

Concentrations of T were substantially lower following oviposition (Fig. 2c). This effect was observed in each of the three groups (___, ___, ____) and was of similar magnitude,
which is consistent with a significant main effect of _____ ____
but no main effect of
____ and no interaction between____ ____ & ____

Answer 93

Concentrations of T were substantially lower following oviposition

This effect was observed in each of the
three groups (behavior, AEP, control) and was of similar magnitude,
which is consistent with a significant main effect of reproductive state
(F1,100 = 168.4, p < 0.0001, eta-squared = 0.41) but no main effect of
group (F2,100 = 0.20, p = 0.82, eta-squared = 0.004) and no interaction between reproductive state and group

Question 94

Compared to the other two steroids, the difference in T levels between the pre-oviposition and post-oviposition
states was the most _____

Answer 94

Compared to the other two steroids, the difference in T levels between the pre-oviposition and post-oviposition
states was the most dramatic

Question 95

There were no significant correlations between T and any

of the ____ ____or date and time

Answer 95

There were no significant correlations between T and any

of the biometric variables (TFL, mass, RBM) or date and time

Question 96

There was a strong positive correlation between __ and __ in both the
pre-oviposition and post-oviposition states

Answer 96

There was a strong positive correlation between E2 and T in both the
pre-oviposition and post-oviposition states

Question 97

positive correlations between ____ and the other two steroids in the ___ group but only positive trends in the behavior and
___groups

Answer 97

positive correlations between CORT and the other two steroids in the control group but only positive trends in the behavior and
AEP groups

Question 98

what was a second purpose of the hormone and behaviour measures

Answer 98

A second purpose of our hormone and behavior measures was to

determine the relationship between these two levels of the phenotype.

Question 99

We found positive correlations between the mean (per female) ____ ____ (_____ and _____ ____) and ___ ______.

Answer 99

We found positive correlations between the mean (per female) phonotaxis latencies (recognition and discrimination trials) and CORT concentrations.

Question 100

Females with higher CORT concentrations were slower to ___ the origin and slower to ____a
response zone in the recognition test

Answer 100

Females with higher CORT concentrations were slower to
exit the origin (⍴ = 0.57, p = 0.007, N = 21) and slower to enter a
response zone in the recognition test

Question 101

There were no significant relationships between latencies and
__or __

Answer 101

There were no significant relationships between latencies and
E2 or T

Question 102

what were the objective measures of AEPs

Answer 102

(1) evaluate the
extent to which reduced behavioral receptivity to advertisement calls
after oviposition was correlated with reduced sensitivity of the peripheral auditory system to frequencies emphasized in calls,

(2)
determine whether changes in auditory sensitivity (if found) were
correlated with changes in circulating hormone profiles that occur in
conjunction with oviposition.

Question 103

In contrast to our predictions, however,
we found strong evidence that auditory sensitivity was greater following ____, and we found little evidence that these changes
were strongly correlated with changes in ____ ____ ____

Answer 103

In contrast to our predictions, however,
we found strong evidence that auditory sensitivity was greater following oviposition, and we found little evidence that these changes
were strongly correlated with changes in circulating hormone levels

Question 104

Thresholds for post-oviposition females were > __ dB lower than the thresholds of pre-oviposition females
and this difference was significant

Answer 104

Thresholds for post-oviposition females were > 6 dB lower than the thresholds of pre-oviposition females
and this difference was significant

Question 105

One pre-oviposition animal had a
threshold of ___dB SPL, which was approximately ___ dB above the
average threshold. When this individual was removed from our analysis, what happened?

Answer 105

One pre-oviposition animal had a
threshold of 85 dB SPL, which was approximately 25 dB above the
average threshold. When this individual was removed from our analysis
the results were qualitatively similar; thresholds remained significantly
influenced by reproductive state

Question 106

the amplitude of the ABR was significantly related to

______ ____

Answer 106

the amplitude of the ABR was significantly related to

reproductive state

Question 107

post-oviposition animals having greater _____responses than pre-oviposition animals.

Answer 107

post-oviposition animals having greater amplitude responses than pre-oviposition animals.

Question 108

there was a

significant interaction of __ and ______ ____ on ABR amplitude

Answer 108

there was a

significant interaction of E2 and reproductive state on ABR amplitude

Question 109

We found a set of ____, ____, and ____traits that
rapidly shift during a single day as females of Cope’s gray treefrog
transition from a breeding to a non-breeding status.

Answer 109

We found a set of behavioral, endocrine, and auditory traits that
rapidly shift during a single day as females of Cope’s gray treefrog
transition from a breeding to a non-breeding status.

Question 110

female sexual receptivity would ____after

oviposition.

Answer 110

female sexual receptivity would decline after

oviposition.

Question 111

A novel finding in the present study was that _____ _____ ____ increased following oviposition

Answer 111

A novel finding in the present study was that peripheral auditory
sensitivity increased following oviposition

Question 112

We found that post-oviposition females had lower ___ thresholds and greater ________
___ amplitudes than those that had not yet oviposited.

Answer 112

We found that post-oviposition females had lower ABR thresholds and greater suprathreshold
ABR amplitudes than those that had not yet oviposited.

Question 113

t appears clear that the marked decrease in behavioral responsiveness
to a male’s advertisement call that occurs after oviposition is not driven
by what?

Answer 113

t appears clear that the marked decrease in behavioral responsiveness
to a male’s advertisement call that occurs after oviposition is not driven
by parallel decreases in peripheral auditory sensitivity to the frequencies emphasized in this vocalization

Question 114

Unlike much of the previous
work on reproductive status and peripheral auditory sensitivity, we did
not find any relationship between _____ ____ and ____ ____

Answer 114

Unlike much of the previous
work on reproductive status and peripheral auditory sensitivity, we did
not find any relationship between hormone levels and auditory
thresholds

Question 115

estradiol levels were negatively
correlated with ABR amplitude at suprathreshold stimulus levels in the
__-______ state and positively correlated in the ___-_____ state.

Answer 115

estradiol levels were negatively
correlated with ABR amplitude at suprathreshold stimulus levels in the
pre-oviposition state and positively correlated in the post-oviposition
state.

Question 116

estradiol levels were negatively
correlated with ABR amplitude at suprathreshold stimulus levels in the
pre-oviposition state and positively correlated in the post-oviposition
state.

what functional hypothesis could explain this

Answer 116

One functional hypothesis
that could explain this relatively diminished auditory sensitivity during
the height of reproductive readiness is that the frog’s auditory system is
protecting itself from the intense ambient sound pressure levels present
in a breeding chorus.

Question 117

our work was focused on the rapid transition from
____ to ______ status, while most previous work has focused
on the transition from ____ to _____ status

Answer 117

our work was focused on the rapid transition from
breeding to non-breeding status, while most previous work has focused
on the transition from non-breeding to breeding status

Question 118

Our auditory processing results were especially surprising, as we
also found what?

Answer 118

Our auditory processing results were especially surprising, as we
also found that steroid hormones track the shifting behavior phenotype
of females in different reproductive states.

Question 119

Concentrations of plasma

___, __ and _ declined after oviposition

Answer 119

Concentrations of plasma

CORT, E2 and T declined after oviposition

Question 120

The decline in E2 was predicted because of what?

Answer 120

The decline in E2 was predicted because of the
role of this hormone in reproduction, including mating behavior and
oviposition in female frogs, and because the eggs themselves likely
serve as a major source of gonadal steroids

Question 121

____ and __ underwent similar absolute decreases in concentration in conjunction with oviposition (ca. 5–7 ng mL−1
), but __
experienced a much larger relative change

Answer 121

CORT and T underwent similar absolute decreases in concentration in conjunction with oviposition (ca. 5–7 ng mL−1
), but T
experienced a much larger relative change

Question 122

___is known to play an important role in vertebrate audition.

Answer 122

E2 is known to play an important role in vertebrate audition.

Question 123

lower CORT
levels in the pre-oviposition state predict higher ____ _____ yet
post-oviposition females (which exhibit substantially lower CORT levels) are behaviorally __-____

Answer 123

lower CORT
levels in the pre-oviposition state predict higher sexual receptivity yet
post-oviposition females (which exhibit substantially lower CORT levels) are behaviorally non-receptive;

Question 124

given the substantial decline in CORT following oviposition in all groups, it might be
that __-_____ concentrations represent a non-baseline (i.e. stressinduced) status.

Answer 124

given the substantial decline in CORT following oviposition in all groups, it might be
that pre-oviposition concentrations represent a non-baseline (i.e. stressinduced) status.

Question 125

However, it appears that if pre-oviposition frogs were
undergoing a stress-induced elevation in CORT, they were not at
maximum levels because we found even more elevated CORT in the
____group in both the pre-oviposition and post-oviposition states

Answer 125

However, it appears that if pre-oviposition frogs were
undergoing a stress-induced elevation in CORT, they were not at
maximum levels because we found even more elevated CORT in the
AEP group in both the pre-oviposition and post-oviposition states

Question 126

Further, the fact that pre-oviposition females with elevated

CORT exhibited increased phonotaxis latencies suggests what?

Answer 126

Further, the fact that pre-oviposition females with elevated
CORT exhibited increased phonotaxis latencies suggests that these
naturally varying levels of CORT are behaviorally relevant at the individual level and that the glucose mobilizing effects of elevated
CORT does not merely stimulate higher locomotor activity during
phonotaxis trials

Question 127

post-breeding

Females become behaviorally
unresponsive to ___ ____ ____; exhibit substantial declines
in circulating ____and ___ steroids, especially ____;
and, surprisingly, their peripheral auditory system becomes more ____ to frequencies in the male advertisement call.

Answer 127

Females become behaviorally
unresponsive to male advertisement calls; exhibit substantial declines
in circulating gonadal and adrenal steroids, especially testosterone;
and, surprisingly, their peripheral auditory system becomes more sensitive to frequencies in the male advertisement call.

Question 128

post-breeding

elevated
circulating _____appears to moderately suppress ___ ____, further supporting the idea that non-gonadal steroid hormones such as _____should be considered when examining
hormone-behavior relationships in vertebrate sexual behavior

Answer 128

elevated
circulating corticosterone appears to moderately suppress sexual receptivity, further supporting the idea that non-gonadal steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids should be considered when examining
hormone-behavior relationships in vertebrate sexual behavior