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0 PSYM205 Quizes > 1-3- Taylor et al 2017 > Flashcards

1-3- Taylor et al 2017 Flashcards

1
Q

What is route efficiency?

A

straight line distance from start to end divided by the distance travelled by the bird

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2
Q

What are wingbeat frequency and amplitude a proxy for?

A

energy expenditure or work rate

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3
Q

Dorsal body amplitude can be an indirect measure of what?

A

amplitude of wing motions

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4
Q

Power requirement of horizontal steady flight is proportional to the square of what?

A

wingbeat amplitude

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5
Q

Power requirement of horizontal steady flight is proportional to the cube of what?

A

wingbeat frequency

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6
Q

Increasing wingbeat frequency and decreasing amplitude reduces ______ _____ and optimises _________-

A

Increasing wingbeat frequency and decreasing amplitude reduces wing drag and optimises aerodynamic efficiency

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7
Q

What happened a month before the experiment?

A

pigeons did at least 24 solo or flock releases from four release sites 1-3km from home

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8
Q

How many times were the pigeons released?

A

20 times each

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9
Q

When were the birds released

A

when the sun was visible and the speed was <7 m s -1

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10
Q

What were the maximum amount of releasea day?

A

2 a day, 3 hrs in between

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11
Q

WHat was the gap between pigeons being released

A

10 minute interval. 4 minute if out of site

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12
Q

What happens if birds meet up

A

flight excluded. this happened 18 times

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13
Q

___ additional tracks were removed due to GPD issues

A

4

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14
Q

__ more tracks excluded because birds landed

A

4

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15
Q

how were the trackers fitted on the birds?

A

velcro strips glued to trimmed feathers on their backs

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16
Q

how much did the loggers and fastenings weigh?

A

27g

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17
Q

what % of subjects’ mean body mass did the loggers and fastenings weigh?

A

7%

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18
Q

How did they get the pigeons used to the weight?

A

placed 27g clay weights to their backs 2 weeks before the experiment

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19
Q

how was wind speed per minute nad running mean of wind uploaded

A

using professional wireless weather station

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20
Q

GPS and accelerometer synchronised to accuracy of what?

A

0.2s

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21
Q

Weather data, GPD and accelerometer linked using what?

A

timestamps from the weather station

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22
Q

how was orthodromic (great-circular) distance calculcated

A

haversine formula

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23
Q

how was the bird’s final bearing from previous point calculated?

A

with the forward azimuth

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24
Q

Route efficiency was the ratio between what and what

A

Route efficiency was the ratio between total straight line (great-circular) distance between release and home divided by the sum of the direct (great circular) distances between each successive GPS point

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25
Q

What does wind support represent?

A

the length of the wind vector perpendicular to the birds’ direction of travel

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26
Q

Airspeed is what?

A

the speed derived from the GPD taking into account wind support and crosswind

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27
Q

what is static acceleration

A

gravity

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28
Q

how was static acceleration removed?

A

by subtracting a running mean over 15 wingbeat cycles

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29
Q

why was running mean calculated over wingbeat cycles rather than over specific time periods

A

because variation in wingbeat frequencies would have meant including varying quantities of partial wingbeat cycles in a time-based running mean

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30
Q

Why was dorsal acceleration used?

A

dorsal acceleration signal was used to detect each wingbeat using the upper reversal point in acceleration

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31
Q

what is amplitude of DB displacement

A

the amount the body is displaced per wingbeat

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32
Q

how was the amplitude of DB displacement calculated

A

by the double integration of dorsal accelerometer measurements

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33
Q

How did they make sure they compared a steady flight?

A

data trimmed 1000m from start to end site

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34
Q

what was the shortest straight-line distance of the entire steady flight for far site?

A

5.08km

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35
Q

what was the shortest straight-line distance of the entire steady flight for near site?

A

1.85km

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36
Q

why were wingbeat frequencies of3 Hz and below removed?

A

to remove effects of gliding, idling or circling

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37
Q

what is tortuosity

A

the running mean fo the change in birds’ bearing every second of data (5 GPS points), with changes in direction over 3 degrees removed because of circling and to keep active straight line powered flight

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38
Q

Homing pigeons (Columba livia) modulate wingbeat characteristics as a function of what?

A

route familiarity

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39
Q

What do piecewise linear mixed effect models look at

A

the effect of repeated releases on route efficiency, median peak-to-peak dorsal body acceleration per wingbeat, median dorsal body amplitude per wingbeat, median wingbeat frequency and median airspeed

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40
Q

what is breakpoint?

A

an abrupt change in the DV

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41
Q

how were breakpoints estiamted?

A

using one-dimensional optimisation

42
Q

what were the fixed effects in model 1?

A

median peak-to-peak DB acceleration and median wingbeat frequency

43
Q

what were the fixed effects in model 2?

A

median dorsal body amplitude per wingbeat (dependent on acceleration & wingbeat freq)(force exerted on body)

44
Q

Was group significant in either model

A

no

45
Q

Why was route efficiency transformed?

A

because it was negatively skewed

46
Q

what was route efficiency in release 1?

A

0.46

47
Q

what was route efficiency in release 5?

A

0.82

48
Q

when was the breakpoint in route efficiency?

A

between releases 5 and 6

49
Q

did route efficiney significantly increase prior to breakpoint?

A

yes

50
Q

what were the differecnes in route efficiency from release 6 to 20

A

no signif diff

51
Q

___ site birds had more efficient routes than ___

A

near site brids had mroe efficient routes than far

52
Q

did group have an effect on wingbeat characteristics?

A

no

53
Q

when was the breakpoint for median peak-to-peak DB acceleration and median DB amplitude?

A

between 5 and 6. increased signif prior to

54
Q

where would you think there is a breakpoint in wingbeat frequency on visual inspection?

A

about release 6

55
Q

when was the median wingbeat freq breakpoint

A

between release 9 and 10. no signif increase prior

56
Q

what happened when the breakpoint of wingbeat frequency was moved to around 6

A

it account for less variability but the decreas prior was significant

57
Q

how big was the confidence interval for the wingbeat freq

A

it was large

58
Q

what happened after the objective breakpoint for wingbeat freq

A

it increased significantly

59
Q

High wind support was associated with lower ___ ___ and increased _____ ____ _____ but no effect on ____ ____ ____

A

• High wind support was associated with lower wingbeat frequency and increased dorsal body amplitude but no effect on peak-to-peak dorsal body acceleration

60
Q

hwo did median crosswind effect wingbeat characteristics

A

no signif effect

61
Q

median airspeed ______in the first five releases but _____slightly after

A

• Median airspeed increased in the first five releases but decreased slightly after

62
Q

what was the relationship between median airspeed and release number like?

A

low

63
Q

• Higher airspeeds were associated with higher ___ ____ ___ ___ and lower ___ ___ (when wingbeat & DB accelerations are fixed effects)

A

• Higher airspeeds were associated with higher peak-to-peak dorsal body accelerations and lower wingbeat frequencies (when wingbeat & DB accelerations are fixed effects)

64
Q

• In model with DB amplitude as a fixed effect, DB amplitude was _____associated with airspeed

A

• In model with DB amplitude as a fixed effect, DB amplitude was positively associated with airspeed

65
Q

• Route efficiency as a fixed effect between releases 1 and 6. ____ ___ ___ ___, ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ positively related to route efficiency

A

• Route efficiency as a fixed effect between releases 1 and 6. Median peak-to-peak DB acceleration, median DB amplitude per wingbeat and median airspeed positively related to route efficiency

66
Q

• Median peak-to-peak acceleration and release number were only influenced by route efficiency with no significant effect of what?

A

wind support or crosswind

67
Q

what was associated with lower route efficiencies in releases 1 to 6

A

DB amplitude, wingbeat frequencies and airspeed

68
Q

• Although there was a significant difference between groups in route efficiency in the piecewise LME model, there was no significant difference between groups when relating ____ ____ and ____to route efficiency

A

• Although there was a significant difference between groups in route efficiency in the piecewise LME model, there was no significant difference between groups when relating wingbeat characteristics and airspeed to route efficiency

69
Q

• Analysing only data with flap frequencies > 3 Hz and tortuosity < 3 deg resulted in a shift in the breakpoint in wingbeat frequency from release what to what?

A

9.6 to 6.2

70
Q

what were the effects of removing circling and glidign

A

decreasing median wingbeat frequency and median peak-to-peak DB acceleration but increasing median DB amplitude and median airspeed

71
Q

o Confidence interval in the breakpoint for wingbeat frequency remains approximately ________on visual inspection

A

o Confidence interval in the breakpoint for wingbeat frequency remains approximately in the same and that on visual inspection

72
Q

• During the first 6 releases, what increased?

A

efficiency, DB acceleration, DB amplitude, median airspeed all increased

73
Q

after stabilisation, what increased?

A

DB acceletation and DB amplitude decreased whereas median wingbeat frequency increased

74
Q

did decreasing DB amplitude and increasing wingbeat frequency result in a higher airspeed?

A

no

75
Q

was there a significant difference between groups in wingbeat characteristics and speed

A

no

76
Q

___ ___ ___ ___ and _______ were particularly low during the first few releases

A

• Median peak-to-peak DB acceleration and airspeeds were particularly low during the first few releases

77
Q

higher airspeeds were associated with higher ___ ____ and lower ____ ____

A

• Established that higher airspeeds were associated with higher peak-to-peak accelerations and lower wingbeat frequencies (peak-to peak DB had larger effect)

78
Q

what had the overall greatest effect on airspeed

A

• DB displacement amplitude (dependent on DB acceleration and wingbeat frequency)

79
Q

High peak-to-peak acceleration and low wingbeat frequency (aka long in time and high in force) leads to _____displacement and _____airspeed

A

• High peak-to-peak acceleration and low wingbeat frequency (aka long in time and high in force) leads to greater displacement and higher airspeed

80
Q

what is an alternative explanation for changes in wingbeat characteristics and airspeed

A

changes in flight behaviour like circling and gliding

81
Q

why is the alternative explanation of changes in flight behaviour like circling and gliding not that impressive

A

Removing them didn’t make that big of a difference though apart from moving breakpoints

This suggests that changes in wingbeat characteristics occurs during straight-line powered flight

82
Q

why might flying at a slower speed may be beneficial

A

as brids can gain local ambient info

83
Q

DB acceleration and amplitude and efficiency all increased and had a breakpoint in a similar time frame. what does this indicate?

A

that DB movements change as a function of navigational knowledge

84
Q

o Higher wingbeat frequencies were associated with lower ____ _____ in first 6 releases

A

o Higher wingbeat frequencies were associated with lower route efficiencies in first 6 releases

85
Q

what do the large CIs and late breakpoint in wingbeat freq imply?

A

that birds continue to learn routes home even after route efficinency plateaus

86
Q

how did removing circling and gliding alter wingbeat frequency breakpoint? it went from

A

it went from 9.5 to 6.2

87
Q

why could fitness increase not explain the improved efficiency?

A

brids flew lots beforehand and had clay on their backs

88
Q

Changes in wingbeat characteristics shortly after route efficiency breakpoint could be related to what?

A

acquisition of navigational knowledge

89
Q

after stabilising, what happened?

A

wingbeat freq increased whereas DB amplitude and acceleration decreased

90
Q

median wingbeat freq increased by what percent from release 6 to 18

A

5.8%

91
Q

median wingbeat freq increased by what to what from release 6 to 18

A

from 4.9 to 5.2

92
Q

DB acceleration was not affected by wind. What does this mean

A

o Suggests that in winds under 7 m s -1, birds compensate for the wind by modulating wingbeat freq

93
Q

The breakpoint change in wingbeat frequency from ___to ___after controlling for circling could reflect birds utilising circling and gliding to compensate was the wind

A

• The breakpoint change in wingbeat frequency from9.6 to 6.2 after controlling for circling could reflect brids utilising circling and gliding to compensate was the wind

94
Q

• Higher route efficiency was associated with higher ___ ____ and lower _____

A

• Higher route efficiency was associated with higher wind support and lower crosswind

95
Q

what was the near distance from home

A

3.85km

96
Q

what was the far distance from home

A

7.06km

97
Q

what is the amplitude of DB displacement?

A

the amount the body is displaced per wingbeat. this is calculated by the double integration of dorsal accelerometer measures

98
Q

how were butterworth cut off frequencies chosen

A

they were determined by visualising the data using fast Fourier transforms. drift data had cutoff of 1Hz whereas integration for displacement had 2.5Hz

99
Q

what was added as a random effect on the intercept?

A

individual

100
Q

what was pooled for most analyses?

A

the two groups

0 PSYM205 Quizes (11 decks)

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