2-1 Hoy et al 2016

Question 1

Which strain of a mouse exhibits robust prey-capture behaviour?

Answer 1

The C57BL/6J strain of mouse exhibits robust prey-capture

behavior

Question 2

What is essential for accurate long-range approach behaviour?

Answer 2

Vision is essential for accurate long-range approach behavior

Question 3

____ and _____can each contribute to capture at short

ranges

Answer 3

Vision and audition can each contribute to capture at short

ranges

Question 4

A visual approach paradigm reveals the … what?

Answer 4

A visual approach paradigm reveals the natural operating

parameters of mouse vision

Question 5

What were previous studies investigating the circuitry that underlies complex ethologically relevant visual behaviors in the mouse restricted to?

Answer 5

fear responses

Question 6

visual input is
required for accurate approach, allowing maintenance of bearing to within __ degrees of the target on
average during pursuit

Answer 6

visual input is
required for accurate approach, allowing maintenance of bearing to within 11 degrees of the target on
average during pursuit

Question 7

what species did they use?

Answer 7

the commonly

used laboratory species of mouse (Mus musculus)

Question 8

How did they test for prey-capture behaviour?

Answer 8

We first tested for prey-capture behavior in
Mus musculus by presenting live crickets (Acheta domestica)
to cricket-naive C57BL/6J mice in their home-cage in the presence of standard mouse chow.

Question 9

When first testing for prey-capture behaviour, what did they find in group-housed and then individually housed mice?

Answer 9

Within 24 hr of placing crickets in the home-cage of group-housed mice, all of the crickets were captured and consumed.

When the mice were then housed individually, 96.5% (55/57) of the mice captured and consumed crickets.

This demonstrates that mice have both the inclination
and ability to capture live prey.

Question 10

How did they quantify prey-capture detection and pursuit behaviour?

Answer 10

To quantify prey-capture detection and pursuit behavior, we

next recorded prey performance in an open-field arena

Question 11

How did they acclimate mice to the set up?

Answer 11

First, mice were
acclimated to their handler and fed crickets once per day in their home-cage for 3 days.

Then, following 24 hr of food restriction, they were exposed to the arena and to crickets within the arena.

Question 12

What happened on the first day of hunting?

Answer 12

On the first day of hunting (D1) in the arena, mice approached
crickets but often fled, leading to prolonged capture times or
failure to capture

Question 13

On the first day of hunting (D1) in the arena, mice approached
crickets but often fled, leading to prolonged capture times or
failure to capture

what was this behaviour consistent with?

Answer 13

This behavior is consistent with
the natural tendencies of mice to suppress eating behaviors
in novel environments [9] and to find lit open fields inherently
aversive

Question 14

How did avoidance behaviour change with repeated exposure in the arena?

Answer 14

avoidance behavior quickly receded with repeated

exposure in the arena.

Question 15

After 3 days of capture trials, how many mice captured prey reliably?

Answer 15

96.4%, 53/55

Question 16

When was capture performance deemed reliable?

Answer 16

Capture performance was deemed reliable if three
sequential trials each ended in capture of the cricket in under
30 s

Question 17

How was prey-capture performance measured?

Answer 17

time to capture

Question 18

Prey-capture performance reached an asymptote at __ on day __ of hunting in the arena and was stable on day __

Answer 18

Preycapture performance, as measured by time to capture, reached
asymptote at 13 ± 1.1 s on day 4 (D4) of hunting in the arena
and was stable on day 5 (D5)

Question 19

Preycapture performance, as measured by time to capture, reached
asymptote at 13 ± 1.1 s on day 4 (D4) of hunting in the arena
and was stable on day 5 (D5)

what does this demonstrate?

Answer 19

Together,
this demonstrates that the commonly used C57BL/6L mouse
strain exhibits robust prey-capture behavior and that only
3 days of exposure to insects plus 3 days of contextual acclimation are required to optimize the behavior for measurement in a
controlled setting.

Question 20

When did they compare prey-capture light/dark auditory/no auditory?

Answer 20

day 5 after

4 days of acclimation to capturing crickets in the arena

Question 21

How did they eliminate visual cues

Answer 21

allowing mice to capture prey in darkness

Question 22

How did they eliminate auditory cues

Answer 22

by implanting ear plugs

Question 23

We observed striking impairments in prey-capture behavior in
the _____ and _____ conditions relative to
the baseline ____ and ____ conditions

Answer 23

We observed striking impairments in prey-capture behavior in
the dark (dark) and ear-plug-dark (EP dark) conditions relative to
the baseline light (light) and ear-plug-only (EP light) conditions

Question 24

Mice took over ____ times as long to capture a

cricket in the ____ condition than in the ___ condition

Answer 24

Mice took over three times as long to capture a

cricket in the dark condition than in the light condition

Question 25

Was capture time higher in the dark or the ear plug and dark condition?

Answer 25

EP + dark

Question 26

What does EP + dark being the longest prey-capture condition suggest?

Answer 26

This confirms
the effectiveness of the ear plug manipulation, and this difference demonstrates that hearing can contribute to prey-capture
behavior in the absence of vision.

Question 27

How big was the difference between EP light and light?

Answer 27

loss of hearing alone
in the EP light condition had little effect on capture performance
relative to that in the light condition (Figure 2B; EP light: 15 ± 3 s;
light: 11 ± 2 s, p > 0.05).

Question 28

Importantly, we observed no significant difference across conditions in the amount of time mice spent in a ______ ____ or in the ____ ______ _____ when the mouse
was not contacting the cricket

Answer 28

stationary state or the average locomotor speed

Question 29

did all mice consume the cricket following capture? what does this imply?

Answer 29

yes. equal motivation

Question 30

How did they try to clearly understand how vision contributes to efficient
prey capture?

Answer 30

we quantified the orienting behaviors of the mouse

Question 31

what is the ‘range’?

Answer 31

distance between the mouse’s head and the cricket

Question 32

what is the ‘azimuth’?

Answer 32

the angular position of the cricket relative to the bearing of the mouse’s head

Question 33

Consistent with the capture-time data, we
found that mice spent significantly less time at close range
(

Answer 33

Consistent with the capture-time data, we
found that mice spent significantly less time at close range
(<4 cm) under conditions where vision was impaired

Question 34

In particular, mice had nearly ____ _____ _____ to the

target when they could neither see nor hear.

Answer 34

In particular, mice had nearly randomly distributed range to the
target when they could neither see nor hear.

Question 35

In particular, mice had nearly randomly distributed range to the
target when they could neither see nor hear.

what does this suggest?

Answer 35

This suggests a
limited role for olfactory and tactile cues in supporting distal
orienting behaviors during prey capture under our testing conditions.

Question 36

In the absence of vision, hearing does allow mice to increase the likelihood of being within _____ ____,
compared to the absence of both vision and hearing

Answer 36

In the absence of vision, hearing does allow mice to increase the likelihood of being within contact range (<4 cm),
compared to the absence of both vision and hearing

Question 37

mice maintained

a precise bearing centered on the target in _____ conditions

Answer 37

mice maintained

a precise bearing centered on the target in lighted conditions

Question 38

prey azimuths were sharply centered on __degrees when mice

could see

Answer 38

prey azimuths were sharply centered on 0 degrees when mice

could see

Question 39

when mice could neither see
nor hear, the relative angular position of the prey appeared
______, and this distribution was significantly different from ________________________

Answer 39

when mice could neither see
nor hear, the relative angular position of the prey appeared
random, and this distribution was significantly different from all
of the other conditions tested

Question 40

The distributions of range and
azimuth were significantly different between ___ and __ _____
conditions, demonstrating that ____________________________________

Answer 40

The distributions of range and
azimuth were significantly different between dark and EP dark
conditions, demonstrating that hearing facilitates prey capture
orienting behaviors when vision is absent.

Question 41

the range and azimuth data suggest what?

Answer 41

the range and azimuth data suggest that vision
is the primary modality driving efficient prey capture behavior
and that hearing may play a role when vision is absent.

Question 42

How did they determine the cues available during prey capture?

Answer 42

made audio recordings of crickets in the arena

Question 43

What did the acoustic analysis of crickets show?

Answer 43

crickets never chirped but did produce audible cues
approximately 5–10 dB above the background when they moved
over the substrate

Question 44

How did they test whether motion was necessary

for capture in the light ?

Answer 44

by measuring performance with immobile targets (fresh-frozen crickets).

Question 45

Under lit conditions, mice

contacted immobile targets in times comparable to _____________________________

Answer 45

Under lit conditions, mice
contacted immobile targets in times comparable to when they
first make contact with live crickets

Question 46

Under lit conditions, mice
contacted immobile targets in times comparable to when they
first make contact with live crickets.

what does this mean?

Answer 46

motion
was not necessary to produce optimal prey-capture behavior
in the light, but auditory cues were available to the mouse
when prey moved.

Question 47

To verify that darkness specifically disrupts performance via
visual impairment of the mouse, what did they do?

Answer 47

sutured the mouse’s eyelids closed

Question 48

What were the differences between dark, eye-sutured

light, or eye-sutured dark

Answer 48

We saw no significant difference between three
conditions in which vision was impaired: dark, eye-sutured
light, or eye-sutured dark

Question 49

We saw no significant difference between three
conditions in which vision was impaired: dark, eye-sutured
light, or eye-sutured dark.

What does this demonstrate?

Answer 49

This demonstrates that the impairment of prey-capture performance in
the dark was not due to factors such as changes to cricket
behavior, and it confirms the effectiveness of our visual
manipulations

Question 50

By examining range, azimuth,

and mouse speed prior to target contact, we identified ___________________________

Answer 50

By examining range, azimuth,

and mouse speed prior to target contact, we identified behavioral criteria that successfully detected approach epochs.

Question 51

The
co-occurrence of a consistent decrease in range and an absolute azimuth of less than __degrees, while the mouse was moving at
speeds greater than 5 cm/s, predicted 100% of target interceptions under baseline conditions

Answer 51

The
co-occurrence of a consistent decrease in range and an absolute azimuth of less than 90degrees, while the mouse was moving at
speeds greater than 5 cm/s, predicted 100% of target interceptions under baseline conditions

Question 52

The
co-occurrence of a consistent decrease in range and an absolute azimuth of less than 90degrees, while the mouse was moving at
speeds greater than __cm/s, predicted 100% of target interceptions under baseline conditions

Answer 52

The
co-occurrence of a consistent decrease in range and an absolute azimuth of less than 90degrees, while the mouse was moving at
speeds greater than 5 cm/s, predicted 100% of target interceptions under baseline conditions

Question 53

The
co-occurrence of a consistent decrease in range and an absolute azimuth of less than 90degrees, while the mouse was moving at
speeds greater than 5 cm/s, predicted ___% of target interceptions under baseline conditions

Answer 53

The
co-occurrence of a consistent decrease in range and an absolute azimuth of less than 90degrees, while the mouse was moving at
speeds greater than 5 cm/s, predicted 100% of target interceptions under baseline conditions

Question 54

what was an interception?

Answer 54

where the

mouse successfully reaches the location of the prey

Question 55

what was a capture?

Answer 55

where the mouse successfully grabs and consumes the

prey

Question 56

how did they measure average frequency of initiating approaches?

Answer 56

the number of approaches per minute

Question 57

We found that the average frequency of initiating approaches, measured as the number of approaches per minute,
was significantly greater under both ____ conditions as
compared to both ___conditions

Answer 57

We found that the average frequency of initiating approaches, measured as the number of approaches per minute,
was significantly greater under both sighted conditions as
compared to both dark conditions

Question 58

the likelihood that an approach would end with target interception was
significantly higher in the ___conditions

Answer 58

the likelihood that an approach would end with target interception was
significantly higher in the light conditions

Question 59

we saw no significant differences in
these measures of approach between the ___ and __ _____
conditions. What did this suggest?

Answer 59

we saw no significant differences in
these measures of approach between the dark and EP dark
conditions, further suggesting that hearing does not play a significant role in the long-distance approach phase of prey
capture.

Question 60

Although hearing does not affect the accuracy of individual
approaches, the total capture time increased dramatically
when _______________

Answer 60

Although hearing does not affect the accuracy of individual
approaches, the total capture time increased dramatically
when hearing is removed in the dark.

Question 61

Although hearing does not affect the accuracy of individual
approaches, the total capture time increased dramatically
when hearing is removed in the dark.

how did they try to understand this?

Answer 61

To understand this, we

analyzed the probability of a successful capture given an interception event, or the p(capture|interception)

Question 62

what did the probability of a successful capture given an interception event show?

Answer 62

that mice performed equally well in the control
condition or with either visual or auditory deprivation alone.

However, when both visual and auditory cues were removed,
the probability of capture following an interception dropped
3-fold

Question 63

In the probability of a successful capture given an interception event analysis,

when both visual and auditory cues were removed,
the probability of capture following an interception dropped
___-fold

Answer 63

when both visual and auditory cues were removed,
the probability of capture following an interception dropped
3-fold

Question 64

when we compared the duration
of each intercept that did not lead to capture, mice stayed in
contact (within 4 cm) significantly longer when _____was
available

Answer 64

when we compared the duration
of each intercept that did not lead to capture, mice stayed in
contact (within 4 cm) significantly longer when hearing was
available

Question 65

How were the trajectories of approaches determined?

Answer 65

The trajectories of approaches were determined by

calculating the azimuth as a function of range for each sensory condition

Question 66

At ranges of __-__ cm or
less, prey azimuth decreased significantly
under the lighted conditions

Answer 66

At ranges of 15–20 cm or
less, prey azimuth decreased significantly
under the lighted conditions

Question 67

in the light, mice maintained
a precise bearing as they closed in on the
target (____degrees ± ___degrees at end of approach;
Figure 3F).

Answer 67

in the light, mice maintained
a precise bearing as they closed in on the
target (11.4degrees ± 1.4degrees at end of approach;
Figure 3F).

Question 68

The accuracy of targeting in
the dark (41.1degrees ± 1.2degrees; Figure 3F) was
near _____, since the azimuth must be
less than ___degrees to be approaching the
target.

Answer 68

The accuracy of targeting in
the dark (41.1degrees ± 1.2degrees; Figure 3F) was
near chance, since the azimuth must be
less than 90degrees to be approaching the
target.

Question 69

The demonstration that C57BL/6J mice utilize vision to perform
prey capture opens up the potential to study the visual neural circuitry that underlies this behavior.

How did they facilitate these efforts?

Answer 69

we

developed a simplified approach paradigm that relies on vision

Question 70

The demonstration that C57BL/6J mice utilize vision to perform
prey capture opens up the potential to study the visual neural circuitry that underlies this behavior.

How did they set up a paradigm?

Answer 70

we placed live crickets behind a clear acrylic barrier

that attenuated non-visual cues

Question 71

why did they restrict the cricket to a 1-D path

Answer 71

simplified the analysis of approaches

Question 72

What was lateral error?

Answer 72

quantified the horizontal distance

between mouse head position and cricket position during approaches

Question 73

When was performance in the modified paradigm assessed?

Answer 73

day 5 of training protocol. Identical to the timeline used in the open-field condition.

Question 74

why did they choose to do the modified paradigm when they did?

Answer 74

the mice were experienced in prey capture
but naive to the experience of encountering prey behind an
acrylic barrier.

Question 75

In the light, when mice were on the side of the arena with the cricket, what did they do?

Answer 75

In the light, when mice were on the side of the arena with the
cricket, they nearly always directly approached and investigated the cricket’s location , even
though they could not actually contact or capture the cricket

Question 76

On average, mice in the light contacted the barrier within a lateral error of
___± 0.2 cm of the target, or approximately the length of a ____

Answer 76

On average, mice contacted the barrier within a lateral error of
1.6 ± 0.2 cm of the target, or approximately the length of a cricket

Question 77

__% ± 5% of mice in the light made contact at the

barrier with a lateral error of less than __cm from target

Answer 77

93% ± 5% of mice made contact at the

barrier with a lateral error of less than 4 cm from target

Question 78

what happened when mice were placed in the arena in the dark?

Answer 78

In contrast, when mice were placed in the arena in the dark,
their paths appeared directed to random locations along the
acrylic barrier

Question 79

how often did mice in the dark contact with the barrier

Answer 79

They contacted

the barrier, on average, 13.5 ± 1.4 cm from the target

Question 80

in the dark condition…

They contacted
the barrier, on average, 13.5 ± 1.4 cm from the target

This is almost ___the length of _______, suggesting what?

Answer 80

This is almost half the length of the barrier, suggesting that barrier contact locations arose randomly

Question 81

In the dark condition….

Furthermore, the mice
made a ‘‘successful’’ contact on only ___% ± 6% of approaches,
compared to the ___% predicted by chance based on geometry

Answer 81

Furthermore, the mice
made a ‘‘successful’’ contact on only 14% ± 6% of approaches,
compared to the 20% predicted by chance based on geometry

Question 82

Dark condition mice failed to modify
_____________________________ as they approached
the barrier

Answer 82

o failed to modify
their approach trajectory relative to the prey as they approached
the barrier

Question 83

Examining the lateral error during approaches shows that mice began deviating toward the target at a range of
___-____ cm, similar to the range at which
they deviated toward the target in the
______

Answer 83

Examining the lateral error during approaches shows that mice began deviating toward the target at a range of
15–20 cm, similar to the range at which
they deviated toward the target in the
open arena (

Question 84

How long are crickets?

Answer 84

2cm in length

Question 85

Given that the crickets are approximately
2 cm in length, a rough estimate of the angular size at which
vision begins to guide approach at ___–___cm is ___degrees–___degrees.

Answer 85

Given that the crickets are approximately
2 cm in length, a rough estimate of the angular size at which
vision begins to guide approach at 15–20 cm is 6degrees–8degrees.

Question 86

What did this study demonstrate?

Answer 86

that C57BL/6J mice pursue and capture

live insect prey.

Question 87

Most previous visual behavioral
paradigms with laboratory mice have either relied on ____ ____ ____ [1, 16–19] or _____, including in _____ ____[20, 21].

Answer 87

Most previous visual behavioral
paradigms with laboratory mice have either relied on non-ethological operant training [1, 16–19] or navigation, including in virtual reality [20, 21].

Question 88

This study also revealed that auditory cues play a role in
mouse prey-capture behavior at ___ ____ _____, although
they were not sufficient for accurate ____-____ ____ in
our paradigm.

Answer 88

This study also revealed that auditory cues play a role in
mouse prey-capture behavior at short target distances, although
they were not sufficient for accurate long-range approaches in
our paradigm.

Question 89

This study also revealed that auditory cues play a role in
mouse prey-capture behavior at short target distances, although
they were not sufficient for accurate long-range approaches in
our paradigm.

why may this be?

Answer 89

This may be due to the fact that the auditory

cues generated by spontaneous cricket movement were relatively weak at distances where vision could guide approaches

Question 90

Our results also suggest that olfactory

and tactile cues are insufficient for ______________________________________

Answer 90

Our results also suggest that olfactory
and tactile cues are insufficient for effective orientation behavior
at a distance

Question 91

olfaction may still play a role in motivation, and mouse strains with poor visual acuity have demonstrated relatively ______ ____ ____

Answer 91

olfaction may still play a role in motivation, and mouse strains with poor visual acuity have demonstrated relatively enhanced olfactory capabilities

Question 92

M. musculus
is more often considered to be a nocturnal prey species rather
than a ____

Answer 92

M. musculus
is more often considered to be a nocturnal prey species rather
than a predator

Nevertheless, they do consume invertebrates in the wild [30] and are active at dawn and dusk as
well as night, consistent with our findings that they use vision
for prey capture.

Question 93

Studies of prey capture in non-mammalian species suggest a

role for the ____ ____ in the behavior we observe here

Answer 93

Studies of prey capture in non-mammalian species suggest a

role for the superior colliculus in the behavior we observe here

Question 94

Classic work investigating prey capture versus object avoidance in toads demonstrated that distinct visual pathways are
required to produce the two types of visually guided behaviors:

what are they?

Answer 94

the optic tectum (non-mammalian homolog of the superior colliculus) mediates prey capture, and the pre-tectum mediates
avoidance [31–33].

Question 95

recent work in the zebrafish, a
genetically tractable species, has established a role for specific
retinal ____ ______ ____ in triggering approach, as well as
defined ____ ____ ___ within the optic tectum that provide the size tuning that distinguishes prey versus predator
stimuli

Answer 95

recent work in the zebrafish, a
genetically tractable species, has established a role for specific
retinal ganglion cell types in triggering approach, as well as
defined inhibitory cell types within the optic tectum that provide the size tuning that distinguishes prey versus predator
stimuli

Question 96

In rodents, a combination of lesion and micro-stimulation
experiments conducted in the ___ ___have shown
striking effects on orienting and alerting behavior

Answer 96

In rodents, a combination of lesion and micro-stimulation
experiments conducted in the superior colliculus have shown
striking effects on orienting and alerting behavior

Question 97

Moreover, recent
studies of predator avoidance behavior in mice have revealed
that the _____can modulate the processing of visual stimuli
that drive innate behaviors in the superior colliculus

Answer 97

Moreover, recent
studies of predator avoidance behavior in mice have revealed
that the cortex can modulate the processing of visual stimuli
that drive innate behaviors in the superior colliculus