4-4 Mehrkam & Dorey 2015

Question 1

What is the aim of the present study?

Answer 1

. The aim of the present study was to assess the utility of preference assessments for identifying
potential enrichment items across six different species—each representing a different taxonomic group.

Question 2

___ out of six species (___ out of 11 individuals) exhibited clear, systematic preferences for specific
stimuli

Answer 2

Five out of six species (nine out of 11 individuals) exhibited clear, systematic preferences for specific
stimuli

Question 3

What is environmental enrichment?

Answer 3

Environmental enrichment may be defined as a
behavioral husbandry principle that aims to promote
psychological and physiological well-being in captive
animals [Shepherdson, 1998].

Question 4

Reflection of environmental enrichment in captive settings examples

Answer 4

• Structural changes
• Food-based
• Object stimuli
• Human-animal interaction

Question 5

The focus of much research on environmental

enrichment has been with respect to what?

Answer 5

• identifying,
• characterizing,
• evaluating the relative importance of different
  environmental stimuli and finding the most effective ways of providing them

Question 6

when can a strategy can only be definitively

considered “enriching”?

Answer 6

a strategy can only be definitively
considered “enriching” following some evaluation of how
the animal responds to the presentation of potentially
enriching stimuli

Question 7

examples of effective enrichment

Answer 7

• increasing species-typical behaviors and promoting
  opportunities for behavioral choice and variability
• decreasing abnormal or stereotypic
  behavior
• increasing novel sensory stimulation

Question 8

In zoos, what are the most common

means of evaluating enrichment strategies?

Answer 8

In zoos, behavioral observations are the most common

means of evaluating enrichment strategies

Question 9

an animal’s preference for an enrichment strategy may be a useful measure of what?

Answer 9

an animal’s preference for an enrichment strategy may be a useful measure of enrichment
efficacy

Question 10

______ may be

considered an important aspect of environmental enrichment

Answer 10

preference may be

considered an important aspect of environmental enrichment

Question 11

How can stimuli preference be assessed?

Answer 11

paired-stimulus preference assessments

Question 12

Gaalema et al.
[2011] also found that pairwise preference assessments
predicted ____ ____ ____ in giant pandas and
African elephants.

Answer 12

Gaalema et al.
[2011] also found that pairwise preference assessments
predicted food reinforcer efficacy in giant pandas and
African elephants.

Question 13

The management of animal behavior in zoo settings
has been described as an ideal context for implementing
scientifically validated methods and principles of both ______ and _____ analysis

Answer 13

The management of animal behavior in zoo settings
has been described as an ideal context for implementing
scientifically validated methods and principles of both
experimental [Tarou and Bashaw, 2007] and applied
[Forthman and Ogden, 1992] behavior analysis.

Question 14

previous studies on enrichment preferences or the
use of preference assessments in zoos have not included a
great deal of what?

Answer 14

previous studies on enrichment preferences or the
use of preference assessments in zoos have not included a
great deal of taxonomic diversity

Question 15

what were the primary objectives of this study

Answer 15

First, we aimed to assess the utility of pairedstimulus preference assessments for identifying preferred
stimuli (and potential enrichment strategies) across six
species representing diverse taxonomic groups.

The second objective of the present
study was to assess the validity (i.e., accuracy) of zoo
personnel reports of enrichment preferences by comparing
staff and keepers’ predictions of subjects’ enrichment
preferences to the actual outcomes of the preference
assessments across these species.

Question 16

what were zoo keepers categorized as?

Answer 16

mid-level or senior

Question 17

____novel stimuli that were not part of a current
enrichment program at the start of the study were included in
the preference assessment for each species.

Answer 17

Four novel stimuli that were not part of a current
enrichment program at the start of the study were included in
the preference assessment for each species.

Question 18

all
subjects of each species were given a __-week pre-exposure
period in which one of the four stimuli were presented each
day for ___min between the hours of 11:00 A.M. and 1:00
P.M

Answer 18

all
subjects of each species were given a 3-week pre-exposure
period in which one of the four stimuli were presented each
day for 30 min between the hours of 11:00 A.M. and 1:00
P.M

Question 19

These proportions of choices were subsequently

compared to what?

Answer 19

These proportions of choices were subsequently

compared to zoo personnel’s predicted rankings of enrichment preference for each subject