3.8 Types of Compensatory Errors

Question 1

What are compensatory/maladaptive errors?

10

Answer 1

• Glottal stop
• Mid-dorsum palatal stop
• Pharyngeal fricative
• Pharyngeal stop
• Velar fricative
• Posterior nasal fricative
• Anterior nasal fricative
• Lateral air escape
• Nasal sniff
• Backing

Question 2

How is a glottal stop produced?

How is this related to vocal folds?

Answer 2

Produced with a forceful adduction of the vocal folds and the buildup of air pressure under the glottis

Ventricular folds (false vocal folds) can often approximate with the forceful closure of true folds.

Question 3

What is the definition of a glottal stop?

Answer 3

• vocal folds are suddenly opened, releasing the air pressure to produce a grunt type sound

Question 4

How is a posterior nasal fricative produced?

Answer 4

Produced with back of tongue articulating against the velum as for the production of /ng/

Question 5

What is the process to make a posterior nasal fricative?

2

Answer 5

• Air pressure builds in the pharynx and pushes the velopharyngeal valve open
• Results in a loud, friction sound for specific consonant sounds

Question 6

What can a posterior nasal fricative be due to?

2

Answer 6

due to difficulties with hearing

- PNF allows sound to be amplified

Question 7

How is an anterior nasal fricative produced?

What often accompanies anterior nasal fricatives?

Answer 7

• Produced by constricting air in the anterior nares

- Often accompanied by a nasal grimace

Question 8

How are pharyngeal stops made?

2

Answer 8

• Base of the tongue moves backward to articulate against the posterior pharyngeal wall
  
  • Dorsum of the tongue is concave and low in the oral cavity

Question 9

What are the pharyngeal stops usually substituted with?

Answer 9

velars (k,g)

Question 10

How difficult is a pharyngeal stop to produce?

2

Answer 10

difficult to produce this phoneme

• results in longer duration than usual between the consonant and the vowel

Question 11

How is a pharyngeal fricative produced?

2

Answer 11

• Tongue is retracted so the base of the tongue approximates, but does not touch the pharyngeal wall
• Friction sound occurs as the air pressure is forced between the small opening between the base of the tongue and pharyngeal wall

Question 12

How is a mid dorsum palatal stop produced?

Answer 12

• Produced when the dorsum of the tongue articulates against the palate

Question 13

What can a mid dorsum palatal stop be substituted with?

Answer 13

lingual-alveolars (t, d, n, l) and velar (k, g, and ng)

Question 14

What can a mid dorsum palatal stop be caused by?

3

Answer 14

• Crowding in the oral cavity (due to a class III malocclusion)
• Anterior crossbite, deep bite or low palatal arch
• An attempt to compensate for a fistula

Question 15

How can a velar fricative be produced?

2

Answer 15

• Produced with the back of the tongue in the same position as for the production of a /y/ sound
• Friction occurs as air is forced through that small opening between back of tongue and velum

Question 16

What is lateral air escape typically due to?

Answer 16

typically due to dental arch malformations

Question 17

What does lateral air escape cause?

Answer 17

• Causes airstream from sibilant sounds to be lateralized/distorted

Question 18

In regards to lateral air escape, when is treatment required?

Answer 18

treatment required if airflow is lateral

Question 19

How is a nasal sniff produced?

Answer 19

Produced by a forcible inspiration through the nose

Question 20

What is a nasal sniff usually substituted with?

Answer 20

sibilant sounds, particularly the /s/, in the final word position

Question 21

What is backing?

2

Answer 21

• There is an attempt to valve for articulation where there is maximum air pressure, before the air pressure is lost through the velopharyngeal port
• Phonemes are produced with the back of the tongue against the velum or against the posterior pharyngeal wall

Question 22

What is babbling used as?

Answer 22

• Commonly used as an attempt to compensate for a oronasal fistula or used to “elevate” palate to attempt to obtain pressure