1.1 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What are the 7 Facial Landmarks?
Nasal Tip
Alar Base
Alar Rim
Columella
Philtral Ridges
Philtrum
Cupid’s Bow
What is the Nasal Tip?
The anterior-most point of the nose.
What is the Alar Base?
The rounded tissue forming the base of the nose, extending from the alar rim to the columella.
What is the Alar Rim?
The rounded tissue forming the outer portion of the nose, running from the tip to the alar base.
What is the Columella?
The column of tissue separating the nostrils.
What are the Philtral Ridges?
The columns of tissue on either side of the philtrum.
What is the Philtrum?
The vertical, slight depression of tissue running from the columella to the lips.
What is the Cupid’s Bow?
The outer edge of the upper lip–typically in the shape of a fancy bow (as in a bow-and-arrow bow, not as in a gift-wrap bow or a hair-bow)
What is the Superior Labial Frenulum?
The frenulum that connects the upper lip to the gum
What is the Inferior Labial Frenulum?
The frenulum that connects the lower lip to the gum
What are the Palatine Folds?
Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane on the anterior portion of the roof of the hard palate just behind the teeth
What is the Glossopalatine Arch?
2
Folds of mucous membrane passing from the Soft Palate to the side of the Tongue
Encloses the Palatoglossus Muscle
(More anterior)
What is the Pharyngopalatine Arch?
2
Folds of mucous membrane that pass downward from the posterior margin of the Soft Palate to the lateral wall of the Pharynx.
Encloses the Palatopharyngeus Muscle
(More posterior)
What are the Palatine Tonsils?
The tonsils on the left and right sides at the back of the throat
What is the Lingual Frenulum?
Frenulum that connects the underside of the tongue to the bottom of the mouth
What are the Sublingual Salivary Ducts?
Under the tone
What are the Submandibular Salivary Ducts?
Under the tongue
What are the Gingivae?
The gums
What is the Nasal Septum?
The ridge that separates the right and left nostrils
What are the three parts of the Nasal Septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoidal bone
Septal cartilage
Vomer
What is the Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoidal Bone?
Thin vertical bone that forms the superior portion of the Nasal Septum
What is the Septal Cartilage?
Thin cartilage plate that forms the inferior portion of the Nasal Septum
What is the Vomer?
Thin bone that forms the medial portion of the Nasal Septum
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What is the Incisive Foreman?
funnel-shaped opening in hard palate immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass
What is the Premaxillae?
Area of the hard palate just behind the front teeth
What is the Palatine Process of Maxilla?
Anterior three quarters of the hard palate
What is the Median Palatine Suture?
2
Union between the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
Median line of hard palate
How does the Soft Palate attach to the Hard Palate?
Via aponeurosis
What is Aponeurosis?
Fibrous tissue that serves as a “buffer zone” for the insertion of the muscles that comprise the soft palate, similar to the part of a plug that prevents the flexible wire from breaking off from the inflexible plastic surrounding the prongs.
[Place holder for “anchor for muscles, adds stiffness to velum”]
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What is the Vellum composed of?
5
Muscle
Soft Tissue
Tendons
Glandular Tissue
Adipose (fat cells)
What is the benefit of the Vellum’s construction materials?
They allow it to be mobile
What is the surface of the vellum covered in?
Mucous membrane
What is the Velopharyngeal Mechanism?
The mechanism responsible for directing the transmission of sound energy and air pressure in both the oral cavity and the nasal cavity
What is the Velopharyngeal Port?
Passage way between nasal and oral cavities
What are the 7 Velopharyngeal Muscles?
Levator Veli Palatini
Tensor Veli Palatini
Muscles Uvulae
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor
Salpingopharyngeus
Where is the origin for the Levator Veli Palatini? (2)
Where is the insertion?
Petrous portion of Temporal Bone
Medial cartilaginous surface of Eustachian Tube
//
Palatine Raphe
What is the purpose of the Levator Veli Palatini?
3
The main muscle mass of the vellum
Elevates the vellum
Acts as a sling to pull the velum up and back toward the posterior pharyngeal wall.
Where is the origin for the Tensor Veli Palatini? (2)
Where is the insertion?
Base of Medial Pteryoid Plate of the Sphenoid Bone
Lateral sides of the membraneous and cartilaginous portions of the Eustachian Tubes
//
Mucosa of the Uvela
What is the purpose of the Tensor Veli Palatini?
Opens Eustachian Tube to aerate and drain middle ear
Where is the origin for the Muscles Uvulae? (2)
Where is the insertion?
Posterior Nasal Spine
Palatine Aponeurosis
//
Mucosa of the Uvula
What is the purpose of the Muscles Uvulae?
4
Creates a bulge on the posterior part of nasal surface of velum
Makes velum more still
Helps fill velopharyngeal gap
Adds bulk in the midline to assist with closure
Where is the origin for the Palatoglossus?
Where is the insertion?
Inferior surface of the Palatine Aponeurosis
//
Transverse + posterolateral muscular portions of the Tongue
What is the purpose of the Palatoglossus? (2)
Where is it located?
Depresses velum
Antagonist to levator
//
Within the Anterior Faucial Pillar
Where is the origin for the Palatopharyngeus?
Where is the insertion? (2)
Palatine aponeurosis
//
Posterior border of Thyroid Cartilage
Inferior portion of Pharynx
What is the purpose of the Horizontal fibers of the Palatopharyngeus? (2)
What is the purpose of the Vertical fibers? (2)
Sphincter action of lateral + posterior pharyngeal walls
Narrows the pharynx by pulling the lateral pharyngeal walls upward
and medially
//
Lowers the velum
Elevates the larynx
Where is the origin for the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor? (3)
Where is the insertion?
Velum
Medial Pterygoid Plate + Hamulus
Mylohoid Line of Mandible
//
Median Pharyngeal Raphe
What is the purpose of the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor?
3
Reduces pharyngeal diameter
Assists in velopharyngeal closure
Constricts the pharyngeal walls against the velum
Where is the origin for the Salpingopharyngeus?
Where is the insertion?
Torus Tuberous (opening of Eustachian Tube)
//
Median Pharyngeal Raphe
What is the purpose of the Salpingopharyngeus?
2
Courses vertically along lateral pharyngeal walls
Little functional significance
What are the Chonae?
The chonae are cone-shaped structures that connect the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx
What is the Septum?
Combination of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer bone, and the septal cartilage
Is the Musculus Uvulae a paired muscle?
Yes
What is the Pharyngeal Raphe?
Medial groove in the pharynx that serves as origin and insertion for several of the pharyngeal constrictors
What innervates the muscles for Velopharyngeal Closure?
Pharyngeal Plexus
CN IX-Glosssopharngeal + CN X-Vegus
What innervates the Palatoglossus?
CN XII - Hypoglossus
What innervates the Tensor Veli Palatini?
CN V - Trigeminal
What provides Sensory Innervation for both the Hard + Soft Palates?
Greater + Lesser Palatine Nerves
Arise from CN V - Trigeminal
What provides Sensory Innervation for the Faucial + Pharyngeal regions?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
What does the velum do during nasal sounds?
What muscles create this action? (2)
It remains in a lowered position
//
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
What does the velum do during oral sounds?
How is this accomplished? (3)
It must be elevated to close off nasal cavity
//
Posterior + superior movement of velum
Anterior + medial movement of pharyngeal walls
Complete contact of velum against posterior pharyngeal wall
What are the 3 different velar closure patterns?
Coronal
Sagittal
Circular
What is Coronal Velopharyngeal closure?
2
Closure occurs with movement of the Velum and Posterior Pharyngeal Walls.
There is little contribution of the Lateral Pharyngeal Walls.
What is Sagittal Velopharyngeal closure?
2
Closure occurs with medial movement of the Lateral Pharyngeal Walls.
There is little contribution of the Velum and Posterior Pharyngeal Walls.
What is Circular Velopharyngeal closure?
3
All structures contribute to closure, which occurs in a “purse string” or sphincter-type pattern.
Often includes a Passavant’s ridge.
What is Passavant’s Ridge?
A muscular contraction on the Posterior Pharyngeal Walls that results in a bulge.
It can sometimes help with closure but is often below the area of velopharyngeal closure so it may not contribute to closure.
Passavant’s Ridge is found in ___% of individuals with a history of cleft and ___% of “normal” speakers.
23%
15%
What happens if the Adenoid Pad is ENLARGED?
2
Prevents an air tight seal
Can cause small gaps that allow for nasal air emission
What happens if the Adenoid Pad is IRREGULAR?
3
Can cause obstruction or cut-de-sac resonance
Can interfere with Lateral Pharyngeal Wall movement
May prevent an air tight seal
Can enlarged or irregular Adenoid Pads cause Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI)?
For how long? (2)
Yes
//
Can be temporary (usually resolves in 6 months)
Can persist especially in kids with submucous cleft palate
Children of less than 13 years show Velopharyngeal closure at a ________, but adults show _________ in velar height.
Palatal plane
Significant variations
How does gender affect the velum?
Adult males tend to have greater velar height and stretch
What causes velar elevation to vary?
Phonetic context
Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: high vowels or low vowels?
High vowels
Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: nasal sounds or oral sounds?
Oral sounds
Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: voiceless consonants or voiced consonants
Voiceless consonants
Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: lingual apical consonants /t/ or lingual dorsal consonants /k,g/?
Lingual dorsal consonants /k,g/
Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: fricatives following nasals or fricatives preceding nasals?
Fricatives following nasals
Velar position must be changed + coordinated for ___________.
Each syllable
What are 3 examples of Non-Pneumatic Activities?
Swallowing
Gagging
Vomiting
What happens to the velum during Non-Pneumatic Activities?
3
It is raised high
The Lateral Pharyngeal Walls close tightly across their entire length
A very firm closure is achieved
What assists Velopharyngeal Closure when Swallowing?
The back of the tongue
What may be seen in Non-Pneumatic Activities but not Speech when there is Velopharyngeal Dysfunction?
Velopharyngeal closure may be sufficient for Non-Pneumatic Activities but NOT for speech
What are
examples of Pneumatic Activities?
(4)
Blowing
Whistling
Singing
Speech
What is a Pneumatic Activity?
One that uses the airstream following velopharyngeal closure
What happens to velopharyngeal closure during Pneumatic Activities?
(3)
It is lower in the nasopharynx
It is less exaggerated
It requires different closure patterns for each specific activity
What does the Pneumatic Activity of Blowing require?
Generalized velopharyngeal movement
What does the Pneumatic Activity of Speech require?
2
Precise, rapid movements
Each has a different point of contact
What does the Pneumatic Activity of Singing require?
Longer and tighter velopharyngeal closure than is needed for speech (especially for higher pitches)
