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ECU Craniofacial Anomalies + Laryngeal Rehab > 1.1 - Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

1.1 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 Facial Landmarks?

A

Nasal Tip

Alar Base

Alar Rim

Columella

Philtral Ridges

Philtrum

Cupid’s Bow

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2
Q

What is the Nasal Tip?

A

The anterior-most point of the nose.

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3
Q

What is the Alar Base?

A

The rounded tissue forming the base of the nose, extending from the alar rim to the columella.

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4
Q

What is the Alar Rim?

A

The rounded tissue forming the outer portion of the nose, running from the tip to the alar base.

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5
Q

What is the Columella?

A

The column of tissue separating the nostrils.

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6
Q

What are the Philtral Ridges?

A

The columns of tissue on either side of the philtrum.

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7
Q

What is the Philtrum?

A

The vertical, slight depression of tissue running from the columella to the lips.

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8
Q

What is the Cupid’s Bow?

A

The outer edge of the upper lip–typically in the shape of a fancy bow (as in a bow-and-arrow bow, not as in a gift-wrap bow or a hair-bow)

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9
Q

What is the Superior Labial Frenulum?

A

The frenulum that connects the upper lip to the gum

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10
Q

What is the Inferior Labial Frenulum?

A

The frenulum that connects the lower lip to the gum

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11
Q

What are the Palatine Folds?

A

Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane on the anterior portion of the roof of the hard palate just behind the teeth

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12
Q

What is the Glossopalatine Arch?

2

A

Folds of mucous membrane passing from the Soft Palate to the side of the Tongue

Encloses the Palatoglossus Muscle

(More anterior)

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13
Q

What is the Pharyngopalatine Arch?

2

A

Folds of mucous membrane that pass downward from the posterior margin of the Soft Palate to the lateral wall of the Pharynx.

Encloses the Palatopharyngeus Muscle

(More posterior)

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14
Q

What are the Palatine Tonsils?

A

The tonsils on the left and right sides at the back of the throat

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15
Q

What is the Lingual Frenulum?

A

Frenulum that connects the underside of the tongue to the bottom of the mouth

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16
Q

What are the Sublingual Salivary Ducts?

A

Under the tone

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17
Q

What are the Submandibular Salivary Ducts?

A

Under the tongue

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18
Q

What are the Gingivae?

A

The gums

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19
Q

What is the Nasal Septum?

A

The ridge that separates the right and left nostrils

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20
Q

What are the three parts of the Nasal Septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoidal bone

Septal cartilage

Vomer

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21
Q

What is the Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoidal Bone?

A

Thin vertical bone that forms the superior portion of the Nasal Septum

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22
Q

What is the Septal Cartilage?

A

Thin cartilage plate that forms the inferior portion of the Nasal Septum

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23
Q

What is the Vomer?

A

Thin bone that forms the medial portion of the Nasal Septum

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24
Q

[Place holder for Hard Palate]

A

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

[Slide 7]

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25
Q

[Place holder for Premaxillae + ANS]

A

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

[Slide 7]

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26
Q

[Place holder for Palatine Bone + PNS]

A

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

[Slide 7]

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27
Q

[Place holder for 1/4 of hard palate]

A

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

[Slide 7]

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28
Q

What is the Incisive Foreman?

A

funnel-shaped opening in hard palate immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass

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29
Q

What is the Premaxillae?

A

Area of the hard palate just behind the front teeth

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30
Q

What is the Palatine Process of Maxilla?

A

Anterior three quarters of the hard palate

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31
Q

What is the Median Palatine Suture?

2

A

Union between the horizontal plates of the palatine bones

Median line of hard palate

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32
Q

How does the Soft Palate attach to the Hard Palate?

A

Via aponeurosis

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33
Q

What is Aponeurosis?

A

Fibrous tissue that serves as a “buffer zone” for the insertion of the muscles that comprise the soft palate, similar to the part of a plug that prevents the flexible wire from breaking off from the inflexible plastic surrounding the prongs.

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34
Q

[Place holder for “anchor for muscles, adds stiffness to velum”]

A

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

[Slide 9]

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35
Q

What is the Vellum composed of?

5

A

Muscle

Soft Tissue

Tendons

Glandular Tissue

Adipose (fat cells)

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36
Q

What is the benefit of the Vellum’s construction materials?

A

They allow it to be mobile

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37
Q

What is the surface of the vellum covered in?

A

Mucous membrane

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38
Q

What is the Velopharyngeal Mechanism?

A

The mechanism responsible for directing the transmission of sound energy and air pressure in both the oral cavity and the nasal cavity

39
Q

What is the Velopharyngeal Port?

A

Passage way between nasal and oral cavities

40
Q

What are the 7 Velopharyngeal Muscles?

A

Levator Veli Palatini

Tensor Veli Palatini

Muscles Uvulae

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Salpingopharyngeus

41
Q

Where is the origin for the Levator Veli Palatini? (2)

Where is the insertion?

A

Petrous portion of Temporal Bone

Medial cartilaginous surface of Eustachian Tube

//

Palatine Raphe

42
Q

What is the purpose of the Levator Veli Palatini?

3

A

The main muscle mass of the vellum

Elevates the vellum

Acts as a sling to pull the velum up and back toward the posterior pharyngeal wall.

43
Q

Where is the origin for the Tensor Veli Palatini? (2)

Where is the insertion?

A

Base of Medial Pteryoid Plate of the Sphenoid Bone

Lateral sides of the membraneous and cartilaginous portions of the Eustachian Tubes

//

Mucosa of the Uvela

44
Q

What is the purpose of the Tensor Veli Palatini?

A

Opens Eustachian Tube to aerate and drain middle ear

45
Q

Where is the origin for the Muscles Uvulae? (2)

Where is the insertion?

A

Posterior Nasal Spine

Palatine Aponeurosis

//

Mucosa of the Uvula

46
Q

What is the purpose of the Muscles Uvulae?

4

A

Creates a bulge on the posterior part of nasal surface of velum

Makes velum more still

Helps fill velopharyngeal gap

Adds bulk in the midline to assist with closure

47
Q

Where is the origin for the Palatoglossus?

Where is the insertion?

A

Inferior surface of the Palatine Aponeurosis

//

Transverse + posterolateral muscular portions of the Tongue

48
Q

What is the purpose of the Palatoglossus? (2)

Where is it located?

A

Depresses velum

Antagonist to levator

//

Within the Anterior Faucial Pillar

49
Q

Where is the origin for the Palatopharyngeus?

Where is the insertion? (2)

A

Palatine aponeurosis

//

Posterior border of Thyroid Cartilage

Inferior portion of Pharynx

50
Q

What is the purpose of the Horizontal fibers of the Palatopharyngeus? (2)

What is the purpose of the Vertical fibers? (2)

A

Sphincter action of lateral + posterior pharyngeal walls

Narrows the pharynx by pulling the lateral pharyngeal walls upward
and medially

//

Lowers the velum

Elevates the larynx

51
Q

Where is the origin for the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor? (3)

Where is the insertion?

A

Velum

Medial Pterygoid Plate + Hamulus

Mylohoid Line of Mandible

//

Median Pharyngeal Raphe

52
Q

What is the purpose of the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor?

3

A

Reduces pharyngeal diameter

Assists in velopharyngeal closure

Constricts the pharyngeal walls against the velum

53
Q

Where is the origin for the Salpingopharyngeus?

Where is the insertion?

A

Torus Tuberous (opening of Eustachian Tube)

//

Median Pharyngeal Raphe

54
Q

What is the purpose of the Salpingopharyngeus?

2

A

Courses vertically along lateral pharyngeal walls

Little functional significance

55
Q

What are the Chonae?

A

The chonae are cone-shaped structures that connect the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx

56
Q

What is the Septum?

A

Combination of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer bone, and the septal cartilage

57
Q

Is the Musculus Uvulae a paired muscle?

A

Yes

58
Q

What is the Pharyngeal Raphe?

A

Medial groove in the pharynx that serves as origin and insertion for several of the pharyngeal constrictors

59
Q

What innervates the muscles for Velopharyngeal Closure?

A

Pharyngeal Plexus

CN IX-Glosssopharngeal + CN X-Vegus

60
Q

What innervates the Palatoglossus?

A

CN XII - Hypoglossus

61
Q

What innervates the Tensor Veli Palatini?

A

CN V - Trigeminal

62
Q

What provides Sensory Innervation for both the Hard + Soft Palates?

A

Greater + Lesser Palatine Nerves

Arise from CN V - Trigeminal

63
Q

What provides Sensory Innervation for the Faucial + Pharyngeal regions?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

64
Q

What does the velum do during nasal sounds?

What muscles create this action? (2)

A

It remains in a lowered position

//

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

65
Q

What does the velum do during oral sounds?

How is this accomplished? (3)

A

It must be elevated to close off nasal cavity

//

Posterior + superior movement of velum

Anterior + medial movement of pharyngeal walls

Complete contact of velum against posterior pharyngeal wall

66
Q

What are the 3 different velar closure patterns?

A

Coronal

Sagittal

Circular

67
Q

What is Coronal Velopharyngeal closure?

2

A

Closure occurs with movement of the Velum and Posterior Pharyngeal Walls.

There is little contribution of the Lateral Pharyngeal Walls.

68
Q

What is Sagittal Velopharyngeal closure?

2

A

Closure occurs with medial movement of the Lateral Pharyngeal Walls.

There is little contribution of the Velum and Posterior Pharyngeal Walls.

69
Q

What is Circular Velopharyngeal closure?

3

A

All structures contribute to closure, which occurs in a “purse string” or sphincter-type pattern.

Often includes a Passavant’s ridge.

70
Q

What is Passavant’s Ridge?

A

A muscular contraction on the Posterior Pharyngeal Walls that results in a bulge.

It can sometimes help with closure but is often below the area of velopharyngeal closure so it may not contribute to closure.

71
Q

Passavant’s Ridge is found in ___% of individuals with a history of cleft and ___% of “normal” speakers.

A

23%

15%

72
Q

What happens if the Adenoid Pad is ENLARGED?

2

A

Prevents an air tight seal

Can cause small gaps that allow for nasal air emission

73
Q

What happens if the Adenoid Pad is IRREGULAR?

3

A

Can cause obstruction or cut-de-sac resonance

Can interfere with Lateral Pharyngeal Wall movement

May prevent an air tight seal

74
Q

Can enlarged or irregular Adenoid Pads cause Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI)?

For how long? (2)

A

Yes

//

Can be temporary (usually resolves in 6 months)

Can persist especially in kids with submucous cleft palate

75
Q

Children of less than 13 years show Velopharyngeal closure at a ________, but adults show _________ in velar height.

A

Palatal plane

Significant variations

76
Q

How does gender affect the velum?

A

Adult males tend to have greater velar height and stretch

77
Q

What causes velar elevation to vary?

A

Phonetic context

78
Q

Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: high vowels or low vowels?

A

High vowels

79
Q

Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: nasal sounds or oral sounds?

A

Oral sounds

80
Q

Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: voiceless consonants or voiced consonants

A

Voiceless consonants

81
Q

Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: lingual apical consonants /t/ or lingual dorsal consonants /k,g/?

A

Lingual dorsal consonants /k,g/

82
Q

Which creates a greater Velar Closure Force: fricatives following nasals or fricatives preceding nasals?

A

Fricatives following nasals

83
Q

Velar position must be changed + coordinated for ___________.

A

Each syllable

84
Q

What are 3 examples of Non-Pneumatic Activities?

A

Swallowing

Gagging

Vomiting

85
Q

What happens to the velum during Non-Pneumatic Activities?

3

A

It is raised high

The Lateral Pharyngeal Walls close tightly across their entire length

A very firm closure is achieved

86
Q

What assists Velopharyngeal Closure when Swallowing?

A

The back of the tongue

87
Q

What may be seen in Non-Pneumatic Activities but not Speech when there is Velopharyngeal Dysfunction?

A

Velopharyngeal closure may be sufficient for Non-Pneumatic Activities but NOT for speech

88
Q

What are
examples of Pneumatic Activities?

(4)

A

Blowing

Whistling

Singing

Speech

89
Q

What is a Pneumatic Activity?

A

One that uses the airstream following velopharyngeal closure

90
Q

What happens to velopharyngeal closure during Pneumatic Activities?

(3)

A

It is lower in the nasopharynx

It is less exaggerated

It requires different closure patterns for each specific activity

91
Q

What does the Pneumatic Activity of Blowing require?

A

Generalized velopharyngeal movement

92
Q

What does the Pneumatic Activity of Speech require?

2

A

Precise, rapid movements

Each has a different point of contact

93
Q

What does the Pneumatic Activity of Singing require?

A

Longer and tighter velopharyngeal closure than is needed for speech (especially for higher pitches)

ECU Craniofacial Anomalies + Laryngeal Rehab (35 decks)

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