3.7 Types of Obligatory Errors

Question 1

What is hypernasality?

2

Answer 1

inappropriate nasal resonance for oral consonants

• perceived on oral pressure consonants (“buy baby a bib”

Question 2

What is hyponasality?

Answer 2

Lack of nasal resonance for nasal consonants

• “m”, “n”, and “ng” “mama made lemon jam”

Question 3

What is audible nasal air escape?

Answer 3

Perception of (inappropriate) nasal air escape on oral pressure consonants

Question 4

Nasalized phonemes are usually associated with the presence of _____________ due to a moderate to large velopharyngeal opening

Answer 4

hypernasality

Question 5

Nasalized phonemes is an ___________ error since the nasal cognate of an oral pressure consonant becomes a nasal phoneme

Answer 5

obligatory

Question 6

In regards to nasalized phonemes, placement of on phoneme is preserved, but manner is necessarily changed from ______ to ____ due to the open velopharyngeal port.

Answer 6

oral to nasal

Question 7

In regards to nasalized phonemes, use ______ ___________ to teach placement, increase intelligibility and create oral pressure prior to surgical repair.

Answer 7

nasal occlusion

Question 8

Why do weak consonants and short utterance occur?

Answer 8

These errors occur due to loss of air pressure secondary to consistent nasal air escape

Question 9

What should we know about posterior nasal frication?

2

Answer 9

• Due to touch velopharyngeal closure

- Results in non-phoneme specific nasal rustle

Question 10

How should we treat posterior nasal frication?

Answer 10

utilize nasal occlusion or nose clips to create oral pressure for consonants prior to surgical repair