3.5 and 3.6 case studies

Question 1

pension rates triple lock

Answer 1

• goes up by 2.5%
• matches inflation
• matches rise in average earnings

Question 2

what is the UK gini coefficient

Answer 2

• 0.35 before housing costs
• 0.39 after housing costs

Question 3

oxfam international aid as a non governmental organisation

Answer 3

• 8.3 million reached through humanitarian aid in 2022-2023
• Climate change: Oxfam and Northeastern rural development organization helped build greenhouses to grow and sell crops
• Super adobe: work in Jordan, free materials to build shelters
• 2018 and Blocrice: Cambodia, increase negotiation for better pay → digital contracts between Cambodian farmers and Netherlands buyers
• 2017: Hydroponics programme → cultivating plants without soil in Algerian Sahara
• Greenhouses create 132 pounds of fodder every day that can feed 20 goats
• Bangladesh 2018: industrial scale centralised sewage management plan at Cox’s bazaar
• Processes the waste of 150,000 people at a refugee camp

Question 4

government international aid –> restoring hope for gaza

Answer 4

• the Uk’s department for international development grant of £724500 to medical aid for Palestinians to deliver trainer support and plastic reconstructive surgery.
• 1000~ that are in need of secondary reconstructive surgery will benefit
  aims to improve surgical capacities in hospitals
• 50 local medical personnel trained to develop specialised skills to lead future specialist limb reconstructive surgeries and treatment
• The UK provided £17 million in emergency humanitarian assistance to cope with the immediate needs of those affected by the conflict, and committed a further £20 million to the gaza reconstruction conference in October to support early recovery and reconstruction in the region. (2014

Question 5

china belt and road initiative aims

Answer 5

Lend 1 million us dollars to developing countries in 2023
- Domestic benefits
- Investment into chinese economy post 2009 financial crisis
- Increased FDI
- Increased local employment and income
- Infrastructure is a long term benefit

• Aims: policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, closer people ties

Investments in infrastructure, ports, roads, railways and airports
- Could life 7.6 million from extreme poverty + 32 million from moderate poverty; global income could increase by 2.9%
- Could reduce poverty for many developing countries → accompanied by policy reforms but transparency is needed

Question 6

projects associated with the china BRI

Answer 6

• Connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and networks regional integration, increased trade and stimulating economic growth
• Ababa-Djibouti railway in east africa
• Kenya: Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway (SGR)
• china /pakistan economic corridor → thousands of job created in construction
• Distaster relief in pakistan and sri lanka after natural disasters

Question 7

problems with the china BRI

Answer 7

• Lack of communication can deteriorate countries further → increase in global carbon emissions by 0.3%
• Outstanding loans are a quarter of GDP of China → other developing countries fail to pay back loans and chinese gov have to bail them out → RISK
• 104 US dollars: 2019-22 to those who borrowed due to BRI given by chinese government
• Greener: needs more sustainable development? Population explosion 20-30 years in the future

Question 8

changes in VAT

Answer 8

2010: austerity
- VAT 20% to 17.5%

Question 9

farmers inheritance tax

Answer 9

• Generational wealth
• Increase in wealth/income → can pay accountants etc to avoid inheritance tax
• Best way to avoid is to buy farmland and pass it down as assets
• Farmers have high wealth but low income

Question 10

wealth facts

Answer 10

• Richest 1% in US earn more than bottom 90% of population
• Top 1% own 23% of wealth in UK
  India
• Top 10% own 70% of wealth
• Top 1% own 40% of wealth
• Bottom 50% own 3% of wealth
• china : top 0.0001% has some wealth as bottom 50%

Question 11

changes in global labour force

Answer 11

• supply doubled from 1980s to 2000s
• 2015: 3 billion
• estimated 3.5 billion in 2030
• unemployment of 208 million in 2018

Question 12

UK birth rate

Answer 12

1.4%

Question 13

examples of outsourcing labour

Answer 13

• filipino nurses in birmingham wch

Question 14

examples of developed economies declining due to cheaper labour abraod

Answer 14

• rust belt in america

Question 15

trade unions and labour

Answer 15

• BMA and young doctors 25% increase