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CompTIA A+ 1001 Concepts > 3.4 Storage Devices / Drives / RAID > Flashcards

3.4 Storage Devices / Drives / RAID Flashcards

Given a scenario, select, install and configure storage devices.

1
Q

What are flash cards?

A

The way people store data on small appliances and portable devices.

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2
Q

What is compact flash?

A

CF is the oldest type of flash card. It comes in CF I (3.3mm thick) and CF II (5mm thick).

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3
Q

What is an SD card?

A

SD (Secure Digital) are very common. About the size of a postage stamp. These are in just about any type of device that uses flash media.

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4
Q

What are the two smaller variants of an SD card?

A

miniSD and micoSD

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5
Q

Name the three storage capacities of SD cards.

A

Standard SD (4 MB to 4 GB) Secure Digital High Cabacity (SDHC, 4 GB, to 32 GB), and Secure Digital Extended Capacity (SDXC, 32 GB to 2 TB).

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6
Q

What is an xD?

A

The Proprietary Extreme Digital (xD) picture cards are half the size of SD cards. Mainly used in Olympus and Fujifilm cameras.

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7
Q

What were the three variants of the xD card?

A

Original, Standard (Type M), and Hi-Speed (Type H).

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8
Q

What are the standard optical drives?

A
  1. CD ROM/CD-RW
  2. DVD ROM/DVD-RW/DVD-RW-DL
  3. Blue-ray
  4. BD-R
  5. BD-E
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9
Q

How is CD media created?

A

CDs store data using microscopic pits burned into a glass master CD with a powerful laser.

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10
Q

How is a CD-ROM created, and what type of file system does it use?

A

CD-ROM format divides the CD into fixed sectors, each holding 2,353 bytes. CD-ROM uses a file system called ISO-9660 sometimes more commonly referred to as CD File System (CDFS).

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11
Q

What are the CD-ROM speeds?

A 
1x 150 KBps, 
2x 300 KBps, 
4x 600 KBps, 
16x 2400 KBps
24x 3600 KBps,
36x 5400 KBps,
48x 7200 KBps,
72x 10,800 KBps
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12
Q

What is CD-R?

A

CD-R (CD-record-able) enables affordable CD-R drives known as CD burners, to add data to special CD-R discs. Any drive can read data on a CD-R, and all CD-R drives can read regular CD-ROMs.

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13
Q

What are the two varieties of CD-R?

A

74-minute disc holding 650 MB, and an 80-minute disc holding 700 MB. A CD-R burner must be specifically designed to support the 80-minute format.

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14
Q

How could you tell CD-R apart from CD-ROM?

A

CD-R has a brightly colored recording side, while CD-ROM discs have a silver data side.

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15
Q

What is CD-RW?

A

CD-RW technology enables you to not only burn to a disc, but to burn OVER existing data (RW mean Re-Writable).

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16
Q

What is a DVD?

A

DVD = Digital Video Discs. The single best word to describe DVD would be “Capacity”. The lowest capacity holds 4.37 GB of data or two hours of standard-def video. DVD uses smaller pits than CD. DVD comes both single sided (SS) and double sided (DS) formats. DVDs also come in Single Layer (SL) and Dual Layer (DL). DL uses two pitted layers on each side.

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17
Q

What are the common versions of DVD and their capacities?

A
  • DVD 5 (12 cm, SS/SL) 4.37 GB more than 2 hours of video
  • DVD 9 (12 cm, SS/DL) 7.95 GB about 4 hours of video
  • DVD 10 (12 cm, DS/SL) 8.74 GB about 4 and a half hours of video
  • DVD 18 (12 cm, DS/DL) 15.90 GB more than 8 hours of video
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18
Q

What is DVD-ROM?

A

It is capable of storing up to almost 16 GB of data. Almost all DVD-ROM drives also fully support DVD video as well as most CD-ROM formats. Most DVD drives sold with PCs are DVD-ROM drives.

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19
Q

What are the three distinct standards of record-able DVD media?

A

DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RW-DL.

20
Q

Explain the differences between the three standard of record-able media.

A

DVD-R discs can be written to but not erased or over-written. DVD-RW can be written to and re-written to, overwriting previously recorded data. DVD-RW-DL can be written to on two layers, doubling the capacity. Most DVD drives can read all formats.

21
Q

What is Blue-Ray?

A

It is the last generation in optical disc formatting and storage technology. Storage capacities of up to 25 GB on a single layer disc, 50 GB on a dual layer disc, and 100 GB on a BDXL disc.

22
Q

What is BD-ROM?

A

BD-ROM is just like DVD-ROM but it has a higher sotrage capacity. Almost all BD-ROM drives are backwards compatible and support DVD as well as most CD-ROM formats.

23
Q

What is BD-R and BD-RE?

A

These are two different writable formats. BD-R is “record-able” and BR-RE is “re-writable”. You can write to a BD-R disc one time. You can write to and erase a BD-RE disc several times. There are also mini Blue-ray discs of the same format.

24
Q

What are the different types of solid state drives?

A

M.2 Drives, NVME Drives, and Sata 2.5.

25
Q

What is an SSD?

A

A solid state drive is based on the combo of semiconductors and transistors used to create electrical components with NO moving parts. It uses flash memory chips to store data instead of all those metal spinning parts found in platter-based drives.

26
Q

What is the main difference between a SATA drive and an NVME drive?

A

A SATA drive connects to a storage controller on the motherboard. An NVME plugs in DIRECTLY on to the motherboard and is straight to the bus.

27
Q

What size do most SATA SSD drives come in?

A

SATA SSDs usually come in 2.5 inch laptop sizes. There are also 3.5 inch varrients.

28
Q

Describe an M.2 drive.

A

M.2 drives slip into their slot directly on the motherboard or add-on card. They clip in place or secure with a tiny screw. It is keyed so you can not install them incorrectly. (You can notice an M.2 drive because it has what looks like a “half circle” hole at the end of it.

29
Q

What are the two most common rotational speeds of a Magnetic Hard Drive?

A

5400 RPM and 7200 RPM.

30
Q

What are the two most common rotational speeds of higher-performance Magnetic Disk Drives?

A

10,000 RPM and 15,000 RPM.

31
Q

Explain spindle (or rotational) speed.

A

Magnetic hard drives run at a set spindle speed with spinning platters measured in RPM (Revolutions per minute). Faster drives equate to better performance but are also noisy and generate more heat.

32
Q

What are the form factors of magnetic hard drives?

A

There are two standardized from factor sizes, 2.5 inch and 3.5 inch. The form factor only defines size. A desktop system can use either form factor size; most laptops use the 2.5 inch form factor.

33
Q

What is a hybrid drive?

A

These are drives that combine flash memory and spinning platters to provide fast and reliable storage.

34
Q

Explain what RAID is.

A

RAID is using multiple drives for data protection and increasing speed. RAID uses two or more hard drives. There are several forms or “levels” of RAID.

35
Q

What are the different levels of RAID?

A
  • RAID 0 (Disk Striping)
  • RAID 1 (Disk Mirroring/Duplexing)
  • RAID 5 (Disk striping with distributed parity)
  • RAID 6 (Disk striping with extra parity)
  • RAID 10 (Nested, striped mirrors)
  • RAID 0+1 (Nested, mirrored striped)
36
Q

What are the minimum drives AND number of functional failures for each RAID level?

A
  • RAID 0 (2 minimum drives, 0 failures)
  • RAID 1 (2 minimum drives, 1 failuire)
  • RAID 5 (3 minimum drives, 1 failure)
  • RAID 6 (4 minimum drives, 2 failures)
  • RAID 10 (4 minimum drives, up to 2 failures)
37
Q

Explain RAID 0.

A

Disk striping. It requires at least 2 drives. It does not provide redundancy to data. If one drive fails, all data is lost. However, it allows for more space across drives to write files.

38
Q

What is disk striping?

A

Striping takes data A/B and puts A on one drive and B on the other drive. If one drive is lost, the whole of A/B can not be read and is therefor lost.

39
Q

What is disk mirroring?

A

It is an exact clone of the other drive. If one drive fails, the other drive can continue to run the computer as it is the same clone of the other drive. The drawback here is lack of space.

40
Q

Explain RAID 1.

A

Disk mirroring/duplexing. RAID 1 arrays require at least two hard drives, although they also work with any EVEN number of drives. RAID 1 is the ultimate in safety, but you lose storage space because the data is duplicated. For example, you would need two 2-TB drives to store 2 TB of data.

41
Q

Explain RAID 5.

A

Disk striping with distributed parity. Instead of dedicated data and parity drives, RAID 5 distributes data and parity information evenly across all drives. This is the fastest way to provide data redundancy. RAID 5 requires at least 3 drives. RAID 5 arrays effectivley use one drive’s worth of space for parity. If, for example, you have three 2-TB drives (6 TB), your total storage capacity is 4 TB. If you have four 2 TB drives (8 TB), your total capacity is 6 TB.

42
Q

Explain RAID 6.

A

Disk striping with extra parity. If you lose a hard drive in a RAID 5 array, your data is at great risk until you replace the bad hard drive and rebuild the array. RAID 6 is RAID 5 with extra parity information. RAID 6 needs at least 4 drives, but in exchange you can lose up to two drives at the same time.

43
Q

Explain RAID 10 (1+0).

A

Nested, striped mirrors. Also called RAID 1+0. It requires a minimum of 4 drives. A pair of drives is configured as a mirror and then the same is done to another pair to achieve a pair of RAID 1 arrays. The arrays look like single drives to the operating system or RAID controller. So now, with 2 drives, we can block stripe across the two mirrored pairs (RAID 0). We get the speed of stripping and the reliability of mirroring at the cost of installing two bytes of storage for every byte of data saved. If you need more space, you can add another mirrored pair to the stripped arrays.

44
Q

Explain RAID 0+1.

A

Nested, mirrored stripes. Like RAID 10, RAID 0+1 is a nested set of arrays that works in opposite configuration from RAID 10. It takes a minimum of four drives to implement RAID 0+1. Start with two RAID 0 stripped arrays, then mirror the two arrays to each other.

45
Q

What are hot swappable drives?

A

Hard drives that be be attached or removed from a PC without interrupting the PC’s normal processing.

46
Q

What is hot-swapping?

A

Replacing a bad drive in a RAID array without needing to reboot or power down.

CompTIA A+ 1001 Concepts (46 decks)

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