3.4 Socio-Emotional Development 2

Question 1

define egocentric empathy and time period

Answer 1

12-24 months
* understand self-other distinction
* don’t understand self-other inner states

Question 2

define empathy for another’s feelings and time period

Answer 2

3 years
* understand others’ feelings different to own
* able to try help others in response

Question 3

define empathy for another’s plight and time period

Answer 3

5 years
* everyone has different histories/identities
* these identities inform children’s actions towards them

Question 4

according to Zhan-Waxle, Radke-Yarrow et al, describe empathy development from 10-24+ months

Answer 4

10-12 months
* often unresponsive/just watching distress
12-24 months
* fewer signs personal distress
* active interventions increase e.g. approach and touch person, bring objects
24+ months
* respond regardless of their role in creating it
* considerable individual differences

Question 5

list some physiological manifestations of empathy

Answer 5

• increased skin conductance
• facial expressions (affective)
• behaviour

Question 6

according to the model, well-modulated arousal from empathy can lead to…

Answer 6

sympathetic responses to others

Question 7

according to the model, poorly-modulated over-arousal from empathy can lead to…

Answer 7

personal distress and no symptahy

Question 8

as the ability of a child to comfort increases, what also increases?

Answer 8

their capacity to hurt

Question 9

describe the First Day vignette experiment

Answer 9

• kids shown short videos of emotionally evocative events
• sorted into 3 groups - inexpressive, concern, or sad response

Question 11

“empathy in the absence of emotional input” experiment by Vaish, Carpenter + Tomasello 2009. what were this experiment’s aims?

Answer 11

to see whether young children can show empathy and prosocial behavior even when there are no overt emotional cues from a victim

Question 12

outline the GENERAL phases of the experiment “empathy in the absence of emotional input” experiment by Vaish, Carpenter + Tomasello 2009

Answer 12

Phase I: child watches E1 (victim) admiring her fav toys etc
Phase II: child watches E2 (perpetrator) destroy objects
Phase III: E1 and child play with balloons and E1 loses hers

Question 13

“empathy in the absence of emotional input” experiment by Vaish, Carpenter + Tomasello 2009. outline the SPECIFIC TWO CONDITIONS

Answer 13

hostile condition: E2 destroys E1’s favourite toy.
neutral condition: E2 destroys a different toy

Question 14

“empathy in the absence of emotional input” experiment by Vaish, Carpenter + Tomasello 2009. what were main results?

Answer 14

the percentage of kids showing helping behaviours when E1 loses balloon INCREASES A LOT in harm condition

SO

even 18 month olds can sympathise w someone in a negative situation who doesn’t show emotion

Question 15

define Callous-Unemotional Traits (CU)

Answer 15

• lack empathy and remorse
• shallow range of emotional response
• risk factor for psychopathy development
• cognitive empathy may be intact –> know what others are feeling, but not feeling it themselves, use to own advantagw

Question 16

how do preschoolers exhibit callous-unemotional traits?

Answer 16

• low fear
• low negative affect/psychological distress to still face paradigm
• poor recognition of facial expressions

Question 17

what does a combination of antisocial behaviours AND callous-unemotional traits look like?

Answer 17

• highly heritable
• low arousal to seeing distress
• antisocial behaviours result from low punishment reactivity