34. Learning difficulty Flashcards
o/e downs syndrome
general inspection:
- upslanting palebral fissures,
epicanthic folds,
brushfield spots in iris,
protruding tounge
small low set ears,
round flat face
strabismus
cataracts
neuro
- hypotonia
cardiac
- AVSD is most common
gastro complications downs syndrome
hirschprungs
duodenal atresia
cardiac complications downs
from most common to least common:
AVSD - atrioventricular septal canal defects
VSD - ventricular septal defect
ASD secundum
TOF
isolated patent ductus arteriosis
later complications downs syndrome
infections
- otitis media
- resp infections
eyes
- refractive error, strabismus, cataracts, blepharitis, glaucoma
ears
- otitis media –> glue ear –> hearing problems
fertility
males - infertile due to impaired spermatogenesis
females - subfertile
learning difficulty
the As–>
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Autoimmune hypothyroidism
Alzheimer’s disease
atlantoaxial instability
considerations downs syndrome and sports
Screen for atlanto-axial instability in people with Down syndrome who participate in sports that may carry an increased risk of neck dislocation (e.g. trampolining, gymnastics, boxing, diving, rugby and horse riding)
management downs syndrome
multidisciplinary approach, including regular health check-ups, early intervention services, and ongoing support for families. Treatment may include surgery for medical conditions, speech and language therapy, and educational programs tailored to the individual’s needs.
triad of autism spectrum disorder
rituals
social difficulty
unusual/delayed language
Management of autism
goal: increase functional independence and quality of life
aspects:
educational and behavioural management,
medical therapy,
family counselling
name 2 educational and behavioural interventions autsim
Applied behavioural analysis (ABA).
Early Start Denver Model (ESDM).
what drugs may be useful in autism spectrum disorder
SSRIs: helpful to reduce symptoms like repetitive stereotyped behaviour, anxiety, and aggression
Antipsychotic drugs: useful to reduce symptoms like aggression, self-injury.
Methylphenidate: for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
features of ADHD
All the features of ADHD can be part of a normal spectrum of childhood behaviour. When many of these features are present and it is adversely affecting the child, ADHD can be considered:
Very short attention span
Quickly moving from one activity to another
Quickly losing interest in a task and not being able to persist with challenging tasks
Constantly moving or fidgeting
Impulsive behaviour
Disruptive or rule breaking
Management ADHD
conservative
+ healthy diet
Keeping a food diary may suggest a link between certain foods, such as food colourings, and behaviour. Elimination of these triggers should be done with the assistance of a dietician
+ exercise
Pharmacology - CNS stimulants
1. Methylphenidate (“Ritalin“)
Dexamfetamine
Atomoxetine
