3.3.13 - Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA Flashcards
Amino acid
A compound with an amine group and a carboxylic acid group within the molecule
Amino acids exist as…
Optical isomers
Single negative enantiomer
Nearly all amino acids exist as a single negative enantiomer so that they ‘fit’ into the correct cells within living organisms
Zwitterion
An ion with a positive and a negative charge
Amino acids can react as both…
Acids and bases depending on the conditions of the reaction due to the two functional groups within a single molecule
In acidic conditions (low pH)…
The lone electron pair is more likely to accept a hydrogen atom, producing a positive (acidic) end to the molecule
In basic conditions (high pH)…
The hydrogen atom on the -OH group is more likely to be lost, producing a negative (basic) end to the molecule
A zwitterion forms when…
The overall pH of the molecule is zero, known as the isoelectric point
Thin-layer chromatography
Can be used to identify unknown amino acids using UV light to view traces on the silica plate
Proteins
Sequences of amino acids joined together by peptide links
Reaction to reverse the formation of proteins
By boiling the protein in 6.0 mol dm-3 HCl for 24 hours in hydrolysis. This is carried out by enzymes so such harsh conditions are not required
Structure of proteins is held together by…
Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces and sulfur-sulfur bonds
Primary structure
A single polypeptide chain of amino acids
Secondary strucutre
An α helix or a β-pleated sheet held together with hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure
Chains folded into a 3D coil with hydrogen and disulphide bonding
Disulphide bonding
Sulfur-sulfur bonds that hold together tertiary structures are known as a disulphide bridge. They keep the protein structure stable by losing two hydrogen atoms
Enzymes
Proteins with a tertiary structure that act as biological catalysts.
Enzymes contain…
Active sites that are specific to a certain molecule that they break down, called a substrate
Enzymes are…
Stereospecific
Stereospecific
Enzymes can only break down a single enantiomer and will have no effect of the other optical isomer
DNA
Condensation polymer
DNA is formed from…
A sugar, a phosphate and a base
Nucleotides
Molecules join together to form a nucleotide which consists of one of each molecule
Sugar in nucleotide that makes DNA
2-deoxyribose
Polynucleotide strand
Sugar-phosphate bonds hold together multiple nucleotides into a polynucleotide strand
Sugar phosphate bonds make up a…
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Possible bases that could be present in the nucleotide
Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine
Adenine pairs with…
Thymine
Thymine pairs with
Adenine
Cytosine pairs with…
Guanine
Guanine pairs with…
Cytosine
Bases in the nucleotide pair up to…
Allow a single strand of DNA to join with another via hydrogen bonding to forma double helix structure of DNA
Hydrogen bonds that Guanine and Cytosine bond with
3
Hydrogen bonds that Thymine and Adenine bond with
2
Cisplatin uses
Anticancer drug
Cisplatin has to be able to bond to…
Two adjacent Guanine bases
Cisplatin prevents DNA from mutilating via…
Ligand substitution with guanine
Steps taken to reduce side effects of cisplatin
Must be administered in small amounts
