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Biology > 3.3 Structure of an Epithelial Cell > Flashcards

3.3 Structure of an Epithelial Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ultrastructure of a cell?

A

The internal structure of a cell that suits it for its job.

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2
Q

What type of cell is an epithelial cell?

A

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don’t?

A

A distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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4
Q

What is the function of an epithelial cell?

A

The absorb and secrete.

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5
Q

What is the most prominent feature of a eukaryotic cell?

A

The nucleus

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6
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. It controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus, and contains reactions within it.

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7
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

They allow the passage of large molecules out of the nucleus.

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8
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

A granular, jelly-like material that make sup the bulk of the nucleus.

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9
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The DNA found within the nucleoplasm.

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10
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A small, spherical body within the nucleoplasm. It manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes.

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11
Q

What are 3 functions of the nucleus?

A

To act as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and hence protein synthesis.

To retain the genetic material of the cell.

The manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes.

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12
Q

What 3 structure make up mitochondria?

A

A double membrane

Cristae

The matrix

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13
Q

What is the double membrane?

A

It surround the mitochondria, the outer membrane controls the entry and exit of material. The inner membrane is folded to form the cristae.

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14
Q

What is the cristae?

A

Shelf-like extensions of the inner membrane. They provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes involved in respiration.

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15
Q

What is the matrix?

A

This makes up the remainder of the mitochondria. It is a semi-rigid material that contains protein, lipids and traces of DNA. The enzymes involved in respiration are in the matrix.

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16
Q

What is the mitochondria responsible for producing?

A

ATP, from carbohydrates

17
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER

18
Q

What does the RER have that the SER doesn’t?

A

Ribosomes on its surface.

19
Q

What are the RER’s two functions?

A

To provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins.

To provide a pathway for the transport of materials, especially proteins, throughout the cell.

20
Q

What are the SER’s two functions?

A

To synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates.

21
Q

Where does the Golgi apparatus occur?

A

In nearly all eukaryotic cells.

22
Q

What structure is it similar to?

A

The SER, except it is more compact.

23
Q

What does it consist of?

A

A stack of membranes that make up the cisternae, with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles.

24
Q

What are the 5 functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A 
Add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes
Secrete carbohydrates
Transport, modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes
25
Q

What type of cells is the Golgi apparatus especially well developed?

A

Secretory Cells e.g. epithelial cells

26
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

When vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus contain enzymes such as proteases and lipases.

27
Q

What are the 4 functions of lysosomes?

A

Break down material ingested by phagocytic cells
Release enzymes to the outside of the cell to destroy material around the cell
Digest worn out organelles so that the chemicals from them can be reused
Autolysis (Completely breaking down cells after they have died)

28
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Small cytoplasmic granules found in all cells.

29
Q

What are the two types of Ribosomes?

A

80S type

70S type

30
Q

Where is the 80S type of ribosome found?

A

in eukaryotic cells, and is around 25nm in diameter.

31
Q

Where is the 70S type of ribosome found?

A

in prokaryotic cells, and is slightly smaller than 80S ribosomes.

32
Q

What do the two subunits of ribosomes contain?

A

ribosomal RNA and protein.

33
Q

What are ribosomes important in?

A

Protein synthesis

Biology (33 decks)

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