3.3 Information Processing Flashcards
Information processing
Before you can perform a skilled movement you must be able to take in information from the environment and process it
Then you can make an appropriate decision
During or after you will receive feedback to inform you about how appropriate your decision was
Information processing model
Sensory input (information from sensory receptors)
Processing (stimulus identification, Response selection, response programming)
Out put (the movement)
Feedback (this may occur during or after skill completion)
Stimulus identification
Once the stimulus is received it has meaning attributed to it from memory
Response selection
The identified stimulus is aligned to a decided upon course of action or movement
Response programming
The required motor program is retrieved from long term memory and a planned coordinated sequence of muscular contractions is initiated
Output
Movement that occurs as a result of the initiation of motor neurone
Feed back
All the information a person received about the performance of a skill in different stages with information used to enable a change in current (continuous) or future performance of the skill (discrete)
Receiving information - Cues
Cures are any piece of information received from the environment is called a cue or stimuli
Your sense father information in regards to such things as the speed of the ball position of the fielders the sound of the ball off the bat etc.
Input (noise)
Not all the information that can be gathered from the environment is relevant. This is irrelevant information is generally referred to as noise
Hearing comments from the crowd may be classed in this category
Input (selective attention)
A performers ability to block our irrelevant information and attend only to relevant cues is referred to as selective attention
Senses
Receiving information from the external environment is received through the 5 sense
Information from the body (internally) on the position of your body parts is received from the muscles tendons and joints via sensory nerve endings called proprioceptors
The sense of bodily movement and position is called proprioception or your kinaesthetic sense.
Important sense
Vision - allows the performer to follow moving projectiles judge the distance and direction of an object (spatial awareness) and the ability to be able to detect colour and brightness
Equilibrium- balance
Is the interval sense that tells you that your body is in balance and under control
It is very important in many motor skills especially those which require rapid changes in movement or require specific balance and control
Proprioception (kinaesthesia and touch)
Kinaesthetic sense gives you an awareness of muscular movement and effort as well as the movement and positions of joints and tendons
Let’s you know how a particular movement feels
Hearing
Teammates instruction, starters gun, coach debrief umpires whistle and hearing someone chasing you
Limited ability of the performer to see or hear can greatly reduce the ability to learn and perform a skill
Functioning of sensory organs cannot be improved through practice. However, practice can make you more acutely aware of your sensory capabilities
Highly skilled athletes have superior sensory systems and. An detect information that average players may not even notice
The experience of the skilled athlete increases the accuracy of their judgments about the signals they detect
Visual cues and signals
When learning motor skills the detection of visual cues and signals can be practiced and improved by
Visual larger objects, contrasting colours, slowing down objects
Signal detection
The determination of whether or not a cue or stimulus is present
The ability of the sense organs to detect a signal or stimulus depends on
- the intensity of the cue
- the effectiveness of the sense organs
Signal detection (list)
Size Brightness Colour Distance from eyes Background Lighting Speed Amount of time in view Pitch volume loudness Interfering noises Duration of signals Where the body receives the signals Pressure and movement against the bodies surface
Orienting
To ensure vital cues are detected we need to be looking to the correct part of the environment for important information
We need to orient and direct our attention
Beginners can be lost at times as they lack experience that tells them where the important information is
Effective coaching and practice can assist learner in developing understanding of orienting needs in a given sport
Selective attention
You are constantly bombarded with signals and cues via your sense organise but you do not need to pay attention to everyone of the
The ability to filter out irrelevant info is called selective attention
Reduces amount of information therefore less time to process
Improving selective attention
Relevant signals standout
Language suited to level of performer
Limited cues initially
Directing a players attention to performance cues
Basing explanations on the past experience of players
In order to detect a signal an athlete must be orienting to the right area of the environment. Selection must be achieved so that the performer knows exactly which cues to follow
