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Vet Exam Material > 3 Veterinary Terminology: The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

3 Veterinary Terminology: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Bones provide?

A

framework around which the body is constructed and protect and support internal organs.
also assist the body in movement because they are a point of attachment for muscles.

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2
Q

What is hematopoietic tissue?

A

tissue that comprises the inner core of bones (red bone marrow manufactures blood cells)

other parts of bone are storage areas for mineral necessary for growth, such as calcium and phosphorus.

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3
Q

What is a joint?

A

the places at which bones come together.

Several different types are found within the body

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4
Q

The type of joint found in any specific location is determined by?

A

by the need for greater or lesser flexibility of movement

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5
Q

What are muscles responsible for?

A

whether attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement

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6
Q

What is internal movement?

A

involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles that are part of viscera

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7
Q

What is external movement?

A

is accomplished by the contraction and relaxation of muscles that are attached to the bones

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8
Q

What are bones mostly comprised of?

A

connective tissue called OSSEOUS (bony) tissue

and a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves

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9
Q

Osseous tissue consists of?

A

a combination of osteocytes (bone cells)
dense connective tissue strands known as collagen
intercellular calcium salts

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10
Q

During fetal development, the bones of the fetus are composed of?

A

cartilaginous tissue, which resembles osseous tissue but is more flexible and less dense because of a lack of calcium salts in its intercellular spaces

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11
Q

As an embryo develops, what happens to the cartilaginous tissue?

A

the process of depositing calcium salts in the soft, cartilaginous tissue occurs and continues throughout the life of the animal

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12
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone Formation

The gradual replacement of cartilage and its intercellular substance by immature bone cells and calcium deposits

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13
Q

What are Osteoblasts?

A

immature osteocytes that produce the bony tissue that replaces cartilage during ossification

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14
Q

What are Osteoclasts?

A

(‐clasts means to break) are large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue
(also called bone phagocytes) digest bone tissue from the inner sides of bones and thus enlarge the inner bone cavity so that the bone does not become overly thick and heavy

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15
Q

What happens when a bone breaks?

A

osteoblasts lay down the mineral bone matter (calcium salts) and osteoclasts remove excess bone debris (smooth out bone)

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16
Q

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to?

A

work together in all bones throughout life, tearing down and rebuilding bony tissue
This allows bone to respond to mechanical stress placed on it it and thus enables it to be a living tissue, constantly rebuilding and renewing itself

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17
Q

The formation of bone depends on?

A

depends largely on a proper supply of calcium and phosphorus to the bone tissue
These minerals must be taken into the body along with a sufficient amount of vitamin D

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18
Q

Why is there a need for vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D helps calcium to pass though the lining of the small intestine and into the bloodstream

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19
Q

What happens once calcium and phosphorus are in the bones?

A

osteoblastic activity produces an enzyme that forms calcium phosphate, a substance that give bone its characteristic hard quality It is the MAJOR calcium salt.

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20
Q

Not only are calcium and phosphorus part of the hard structure of bone tissue, calcium is also?

A

calcium also is stored elsewhere in bones, and small quantities are present in the blood

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21
Q

If the proper amount of calcium is lacking in the blood, what happens to the muscles?

A

nerve fibers are unable to transmit impulses effectively to muscles, the heart muscle becomes weak, and muscles attached to bones undergo spasms

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22
Q

The necessary level of calcium in the blood is maintained by the?

A

the parathyroid gland, which secretes a hormone that signals the release of calcium from bone storage

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23
Q

An excess of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland (caused by tumor or another pathologic process) will?

A

raise blood calcium at the expense of the bones, which become weakened by the loss of calcium

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24
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

the shaft or the middle region of a long bone

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25
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

ends of a long bone

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26
Q

What is the epiphyseal line or plate?

A

represents an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows
also is commonly known as the growth plate.

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27
Q

What is responsible for the lengthening of bones during growth?

A

Cartilage cells at the edges of the epiphyseal plate form new bone

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28
Q

What happens to the growth plate (epiphyseal line) when bone has achieved its full growth?

A

The plate calcifies and disappears

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29
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

is the flared portion of the bone
it lies between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
It is adjacent to the epiphysis plate.

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30
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

is a strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of the long bones, except at the ends of the epiphyses
It has an extensive nerve supply as well

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31
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

covers a joint that is formed when the ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone

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32
Q

Describe articular cartilage

A

When two bones come together to form a joint, the bones themselves do not touch precisely
the articular cartilage that caps the end of one bone comes in contact with that of the other bone
Articular cartilage is a very smooth, strong and slick tissue

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33
Q

What is the importance of articular cartilage?

A

It cushions the joint and allows it to move smoothly and efficiently
Unlike the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate, which disappears when a bone achieves its full growth, articular cartilage is present throughout life

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34
Q

What is Compact (cortical) bone?

A

is a layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the periosteum in all bones and lies chiefly around the diaphysis of long bone

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35
Q

What are haversian canals?

A

they lie within compact bone
is a system of small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide

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36
Q

What is a medullary cavity?

A

Compact bone is tunneled out in the central shaft of the long bones by this cavity that contains yellow bone marrow

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37
Q

Yellow bone marrow is composed chiefly of?

A

fat cells

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38
Q

What is Cancellous bone?

A

also called spongy or trabecular bone

is much more porous and less dense than compact bone

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39
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

are a series of separated bony fibers that contain mineral matter and are interwoven to make up a spongy latticework

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40
Q

Where are trabeculae found?

A

found largely in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the middle portion of most other bones of the body as well

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41
Q

What is contained in the spaces of cancellous bone?

A

red bone marrow

this consists of immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development

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42
Q

What are Bone processes?

A

are enlarged areas that extend out from bones to serve as

attachments for muscles and tendons

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43
Q

What is the bone head?

A

rounded end of a bone separated from the body of the bone by a neck
usually covered by articular cartilage
In the femur, the bone head is called the femoral head

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44
Q

What is the Greater trochanter?

A

large process of the femur for attachment of tendons and muscle

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45
Q

What is the lesser trochanter?

A

small process of the femur for attachment of tendons and muscle

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46
Q

What is a Tubercle?

A

rounded process on many bones for attachment of tendons and muscles

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47
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

another small, rounded elevation on a bone

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48
Q

What is a Condyle?

A

rounded, knuckle‐like process at the joint; usually covered by articular cartilage

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49
Q

What are Cranial Bones?

A

bones of the skull or cranium

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50
Q

What do cranial bones do?

A

protect the brain and structures related to it, such as the sense organs
Muscles for controlling head movements and chewing motions are connected to the cranial bones

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51
Q

What are Sutures?

A

the joints where cranial bones join each other

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52
Q

What are Fontanelles (little fountains)?

A

also known as Soft Spots
are gaps of unossified tissue in the skull at birth.
The cranial bones of a new born are not completely joined
The pulse of blood vessels can be felt (palpated under the skin in those areas)

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53
Q

What is the Frontal bone?

A

forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes

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54
Q

What are the Parietal bones?

A

the two bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium

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55
Q

What are the Temporal bones?

A

the two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium
Each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible (lower jaw bone)

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56
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

A

the area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones

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57
Q

What is the mastoid process?

A

a round (mast/o means breast) process of the temporal bone behind the ear

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58
Q

What is a styloid process?

A

(styl/o means pole or stake) projects downward from the temporal bone

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59
Q

What is the Occipital bone?

A

forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture

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60
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

an opening in the inferior portion of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

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61
Q

What is the Sphenoid bone?

A

the bat shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
it joins with the frontal, occipital, and ethmoid bones and serves as an anchor to hold those skull bones together (sphen/o means wedge)

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62
Q

What is the Ethmoid bone?

A

the thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eyes
It is composed primarily of sponging, cancellous bone, which contains numerous small holes (ethm/o means sieve)

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63
Q

The Vertebral Column (or spinal column) is composed of?

A

is composed of vertebrae that are arranged in five divisions from the base of the skull to the tailbone

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64
Q

What are the five devisions of the spinal column?

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygea
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65
Q

What are intervertebral disks (discs)?

A

pads of cartilage that separate the vertebral bones
lies between the body of one vertebra and the bodies of the vertebrae lying beneath and above the other
provides flexibility and shocks to the vertebral column

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66
Q

What is the vertebral body?

A

the inner, thick, round anterior portion that comprises a vertebra

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67
Q

What is a spinous process?

A

a single process on the posterior portion of a vertebra

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68
Q

What is a transverse process?

A

a process on both sides of the spinous process, and a bar like lamina on either side

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69
Q

What is the neural canal?

A

the space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes

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70
Q

Name the Bones of the Thorax

A

Scapula

Sternum

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71
Q

What is the Scapula?

A

Shoulder blade

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72
Q

What is the Sternum?

A

breast bone

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73
Q

What is the Xiphoid?

A

the lower portion of the sternum

xiph/o means sword

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74
Q

What is the Manubrium?

A

the upper portion of the sternum

from the Latin term meaning handle

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75
Q

Name the bones of the arm and hand

A 
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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76
Q

What is the Humerus?

A

the upper arm bone

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77
Q

What is the Ulna?

A

medial lower arm bone

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78
Q

What is the Olecranon?

A

the proximal bony process of the ulna at the elbow

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79
Q

What is the Radius?

A

lateral lower arm bone

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80
Q

What are the Carpals?

A

wrist bones

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81
Q

What are the Metacarpals?

A

the five radiating bones in the fingers

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82
Q

What are the Phalanges?

A 
finger bones
each finger (except thumb) has three phalanges: a proximal, middle and a distal phalanx
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83
Q

Name the bones of the Pelvis

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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84
Q

What is the Ilium?

A

uppermost portion of the pelvis
Dorsally the two parts of the ilium do not meet. Rather, they join the sacrum on either side to form the SACROILIAC JOINTS

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85
Q

What is the Ischium?

A

posterior part of the pelvis

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86
Q

What is the Pubis?

A

anterior part of the pelvis

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87
Q

Name the bones of the leg and foot

A 
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals 
Phalanges of the toes
88
Q

What is the Femur?

A

Thigh bone

at its proximal end it has a rounded head that fits into a depression, or socket, in the pelvis = Acetabulum

89
Q

What is the Patella?

A

kneecap

90
Q

What is the Tibia?

A

larger of two bones of the lower leg

91
Q

What is the Fibula?

A

smaller of two lower leg bones

92
Q

What are the Tarsals?

A

bones of the hind part of the foot

93
Q

What are the Metatarsals?

A

bones of the midfoot

94
Q

What are the Phalanges of the toes?

A

bones of the forefoot

95
Q

Acetabulum

A

Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis, which joins the femur, forming the hip joint

96
Q

Acromion

A

Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder

97
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bone in the joint space

98
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

Spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

99
Q

Cartilaginous Tissue

A

Flexible, rubbery connective tissue

100
Q

Collagen

A

Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues

101
Q

Condyle

A

Knuckle like process at the end of a bone near the joint

102
Q

Cranial Bones

A 
Skull bones
Ethmoid
frontal
occipital
parietal
sphenoid
temporal
103
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft or mid‐portion of a long bone

104
Q

Disk (disc)

A

flat, round, plate‐like structure

105
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton

106
Q

Epiphysis

A

Each end of a long bone

107
Q

Foramen

A

Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.

108
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

the opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

109
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow cavity in a bone

110
Q

Haversian Canals

A

minute spaces filled with blood vessels

found in compact bone

111
Q

Malleolus

A

Round process on both sides of the ankle joint

112
Q

Manubrium

A

Upper portion of the sternum

113
Q

Mastoid Process

A

Rund projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

114
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Central, hollowed‐out area in the shaft of a long bone

115
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate

116
Q

Olecranon

A

Large process on the proximal end of the ulna

117
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

Bone tissue

118
Q

Ossification

A

Process of bone formation

119
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone cell that helps form bony tissue

120
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue

121
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue

122
Q

Sinus

A

Hollow air cavity within a bone

123
Q

Styloid Process

A

Pole‐like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

124
Q

Trabeculae

A

Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

125
Q

Trochanter

A

large process at the neck of the femur

126
Q

Tubercle

A

Rounded, small process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons

127
Q

Tuberosity

A

Rounded process on bone

attachment site for muscles and tendons

128
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

Lower, narrow portion of the sternum

129
Q

Calc/o, calci/o

A

calcium

Ex: Hypercalcemia

130
Q

Lamin/o

A

Lamina (part of vertebral arch)

Ex: Laminectomy

131
Q

Lumb/o

A

Lower back

Ex: Lumbar

132
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow

Ex: Myelopoiesis

133
Q

Orth/o

A

Straight

Ex: Orthopedics (ped/o means child)

134
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

Ex: Osteitis

135
Q

Spondyl/o

A

Vertebra

Ex: Spondylosis

136
Q

Vertebro/o

A

Vertebra

Ex: Vertebral

137
Q

‐blast

A

Embryonic or immature cell

Ex: Osteoblast

138
Q

‐clast

A

To break

Ex: Osteoclast

139
Q

‐malacia

A

Softening

Ex: Osteomalacia

140
Q

‐porosis

A

Por, passes

Ex: Osteoporosis

141
Q

What is a joint?

A

A joint (articulation) is a coming together of two or more bones.

142
Q

Joints can be?

A 
Immovable (suture joints between skull bones)
Partially moveable (those between the vertebrae)
But most allow considerable movement
143
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

freely movable joints

144
Q

Examples of synovial joins

A

the ball‐and‐socket type (hip and shoulder)

the hinge type (elbow, knee and ankle)

145
Q

The bones in synovial joints are surrounded by?

A

a joint capsule composed of fibrous tissue

146
Q

What are Ligaments?

A

thickened fibrous band of connective tissue

anchor one bone to another and thereby add considerable strength to the joint capsule in critical areas

147
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

lies under the joint capsule and lines the synovial cavity between the bones

148
Q

The synovial cavity is filled with?

A

Synovial fluid

a special lubricating fluid produced by the synovial membrane

149
Q

This synovial fluid contains?

A

water and nutrients that nourish as well as lubricate the joints so that friction on the articular cartilage is minimal

150
Q

What are Bursae (singular: bursa)?

A

are closed sacs of synovial fluid lined with a synovial membrane and are located near but not with a joint

151
Q

Brusae are present where?

A

wherever two types of tissue are closely opposed and need to slide past one another with as little friction as possible

152
Q

Bursae serve as?

A

layers of lubrication between tissue

153
Q

Common sites of bursae are?

A 
between tendons (connective tissue binding bone to bone) and bones
and between skin and bones (in areas where bony anatomy is prominent.)
154
Q

Bursa (plural; bursae)

A

Sac of fluid near a joint

promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another

155
Q

Articulation

A

Any joint

156
Q

Ligament

A

Connective tissue binding bones to other bones

supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint

157
Q

Synovial cavity

A

Space between bones at a synovial joint

contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

158
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity.
Synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white; this accounts for the origin of the term (syn‐mean like, ov/o means egg)

159
Q

Synovial joint

A

A freely moveable joint

160
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Membrane lining the synovial cavity

it produces synovial fluid

161
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

162
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Stiff

Ex: Ankylosis

163
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joint

Ex: Arthrotomy

164
Q

Articul/o

A

Joint

Ex: Articular cartilage

165
Q

Burs/o

A

Bursa

Ex: Bursitis

166
Q

Chondr/o

A

Cartilage

Ex: Chondroma

167
Q

Synov/o

A

Synovial membrane

Ex: Synovitis

168
Q

Ten/o

A

Tendon

Ex: Tenorrhaphy

169
Q

Tendin/o

A

Tendon

Ex: Tendinitis

170
Q

‐desis

A

To bind, tie together

Ex: Arthrodesis

171
Q

‐stenosis

A

Narrowing

Ex: Spinal stenosis

172
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Striated muscle (skeletal)
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

173
Q

Striated muscle makes up the?

A

voluntary or skeletal muscles that move all bones, as well as controlling facial expression and eye movements

174
Q

Through the central and peripheral nervous system, we have conscious control over these muscles

A

.

175
Q

Describe Striated muscle fibers (cells)

A

have a pattern of dark and light bands, or fibrils, in their cytoplasm

176
Q

What is fascia?

A

Fibrous tissue that envelops and separates muscles

which contains the muscle’s blood, lymph and nerve supply

177
Q

Smooth muscle makes up the?

A

involuntary or visceral muscles that move internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels and secretory ducts leading from glands

178
Q

Smooth muscles are controlled by the?

A

the autonomic nervous system

179
Q

Why is smooth muscle called SMOOTH?

A

because they have no dark and light fibrils in their cytoplasm

180
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are arranged in?

A

bundles

181
Q

Smooth muscle forms?

A

sheets of fibers as it wraps around tubes and vessels

182
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle

A

striated in appearance but is like smooth muscle in its action

183
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle movement

A

cannot be consciously controlled

184
Q

The fibers of cardiac muscle are?

A

branching fibers and are found in the heart

185
Q

Skeletal muscles are the muscles that move what?

A

bones

186
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts?

A

one of the bones to which it is joined remains virtually stationary as a result of other muscles that hold it in place

187
Q

What is the origin (beginning) of the muscle?

A

The point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone

188
Q

What is the insertion of the muscle?

A

The point of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves

189
Q

When the muscle contracts, however, another bone to which it is attached does move

A

.

190
Q

The origin of a muscle lies?

A

proximal in the skeleton

191
Q

The insertion of muscle lies?

A

distal in the skeleton

192
Q

Flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb

193
Q

Extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a limb

194
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

195
Q

Adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body

196
Q

Rotation

A

circular movement around an axis (central point)

Internal rotation is toward the midline and external rotation is away from the midline

197
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

decreasing the angle of the joint so that the foot bends backward (upward)

198
Q

Plantar flexion

A

motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground

199
Q

Fascia

A

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

200
Q

Insertion of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

201
Q

Origin of a muscle

A

connection of a muscle to a staionary bone

202
Q

Visceral muscle

A

smooth muscle

203
Q

Fibr/o

A

Fibrous connective tissue

Ex: Fibromyalgia

204
Q

Leiomy/o

A

Smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
Ex: Leiomyoma

205
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

Ex: Myopathy

206
Q

Myocardi/o

A

Heart muscle

Ex: Myocardial

207
Q

Myos/o

A

Muscle

Ex: Myositis

208
Q

Plant/o

A

Sole of the foot

Ex: Plantar flexion

209
Q

Rhabdomy/o

A

Skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones

Ex: Rhabdomyolysis

210
Q

‐asthenia

A

Lack of strength

Ex: Myasthenia gravis

211
Q

‐trophy

A

Development, nourishment

Ex: Atrophy Hypertrophy

212
Q

Ab‐

A

Away from

Ex: Abduction

213
Q

Ad‐

A

Toward

Ex: Adduction

214
Q

Poly‐

A

Many

Ex: polymyalgia

215
Q

Musculoskeletal system includes?

A

bones
muscles
joints

Vet Exam Material (47 decks)

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