1: Medical Math: Routes of Administration of Drugs (3)

Question 1

How do therapeutic factors affect the administration of drugs?

Answer 1

1) Onset and duration of action
2) Site of action
3) Adverse reactions

Question 2

How do Drug factors affect the administration of drugs?

Answer 2

1) Irritation
2) Solubility
3) pH

Question 3

What are the two routes of administration for drugs?

Answer 3

1) Local

2) Systemic

Question 4

What are the local routes of administration of drugs?

Answer 4

1) Skin
2) Nasal
3) Conjunctival
4) Urethral and bladder
5) Vaginal
6) Rectal
7) Mammary
8) Sublingual
9) GI tract
10) Otic
11) Epidural
12) Intraspinal
13) Intrasynovial (intra-articular)
14) Intramedullary (into bone marrow)

Question 5

What are the systemic routes of administration of drugs?

Answer 5

1) Oral (per os, enteral)
2) Parental or by injection (Intravenous IV, subcutaneous SQ, Intramuscular IM)
3) Inhalation (gases, vapors, aerosol)

Question 6

What are the advantages of Oral administration?

Answer 6

1) Safe
2) Convenient in some animals
3) Economical
4) No problem of infection

Question 7

What are the disadvantages of Oral administration?

Answer 7

1) Inactivation of some drugs by gastric acidity, digestive enzymes or rumen microflora.
2) The presence of food may affect absorption
3) The presence of drugs may affect absorption
4) Activity of the GI tract affects absorption
5) Irritant drugs may cause vomiting and diarrhea
6) Onset of action is slow
7) Unpalatability of some drugs

Question 8

What are the advantages of Intravenous injections?

Answer 8

1) Accurate
2) Fast onset of action
3) Irritating, hypertonic, acidic, or basic drugs can be given
4) Large volume can be given

Question 9

What are the disadvantages of Intravenous injections?

Answer 9

1) Dangerous

Question 10

What are the advantages of Intramuscular injections?

Answer 10

1) Rapid absorption
2) Duration of action is longer than intravenous
3) Suspensions can be injected

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of Intramuscular injections?

Answer 11

1) Irritant, hypertonic, acidic, or basic drugs may cause tissue damage

Question 12

What are the advantages of Subcutaneous injections?

Answer 12

1) slow absorption but constant

2) Longer duration of action

Question 13

What are the disadvantages of using Subcutaneous injections?

Answer 13

1) Slow onset

2) Irritating drugs can not be used

Question 14

What factors affect the selection of the route of administration of drugs?

Answer 14

1) Therapeutic factors

2) Drug factors