(3) Internal Faction and Pressures from Abroad Flashcards
The Act of the seven sacraments
1539-Reinforces importance of all sacraments, especially Mass
Latimer (bishop of Worcester and Shaxton (Salisbury) resigned as a result
Marriage
After Jane Seymour died in childbirth Cromwell set out to gain an alliance against the united imperial and french forces
Cromwell perusing his agenda sought German bride - Anne=daughter of Duke of Cleves, he had split from Pope but retained Catholic doctrine (perfect match for Henry)
Cromwell downfall
After Cromwell got the annulment on grounds of non-consummation he was actually rewarded
Became Earl of Essex and Lord Chamberlain
However reports Cromwell was protecting heretics in Calais meant he was arrested and swiftly executed for treason
Henry did come to regret it and there was no attempt to take Cranmer down
Catherine Howard
After failings with Anne Norfolk waved his niece in front of Henry as a more attractive bride
They meet at Gardiners house and H immediately was attracted to her lively personality
Married 1540 but 1541 accused of adultery - she had been seeing Thomas Culpepper, this may have been to secure a male heir as H may not have been able to after his weight
Executed 1542 along with the two men she had committed adultery with - Norfolk and allies were sent away from court in disgrace but nothing more
Foreign relations
1538 The Pope had told European powers to mount a Crusade on England to return it
1529-36 There was peace between Valois-Habsburg so England was vulnerable, H seeking F approval of Anne marriage shows he switched sides
But Papal relationship more important than English one so F didn’t need us
In 1538 10year truce (treaty of Nice) signed between F and S (big threat) and excommunication same year
Cromwell held negotiations with the Schmalkaldic League (German princes defending Protestantism
Wyatt and Norfolk also sent to imperial and french courts respectively (tried to exploit divisions about rumoured plots from one side to the other) Gardiner went to S 1540 to negotiate an alliance (agreed 1541 - ended period of manic diplomacy)
