3. Arab Revolt Flashcards
What happened in April 1936?
Violence erupted in Palestine
Six Prominent leaders overcame their rivalries and joined forces to protect Zionist advances
When did Violence erupted in Palestine and Six Prominent leaders overcame their rivalries and joined forces to protect Zionist advances?
April 1936
What was the role of the Arab high Command??
Led by Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini
Represented Arab interests in Palestine until 1948
Who represented Arab interests until 1948?
Arab high command
When violence broke out in April 1936, what did the Arab high command call for?
General strike of Arab workers and boycott of Jewish products
Who called for a General strike of Arab workers and boycott of Jewish products after violence broke out in April 1936?
The Arab high command
After the Arab high command called for a general strike and boycott of Jewish goods, what happened?
Actions turned into terrorist attacks against the British and Jews
How did long did the first stage of the ‘Arab revolt’ last until?
November 1936
What lasted until November 1936?
“Arab revolt”
What happened in the first stage of the “Arab revolt” that was between April to November 1936?
Arab high command called for the general boycott of Jewish products and strike of Arab workers
When did the second stage of the Arab revolt?
September 1937
What happened in September 1937?
Second stage of the revolt
Why did the second stage of the revolt begin in September 1937?
Peel Commission that called for the partition of Palestine
What was the impact of the Peel Commission that called for the partition of Palestine?
Caused the second stage in September 1937
What happened in the second stage that had began in September 1937?
Clashes with British forces were more severe as well as attacks on Jewish settlements
What was the impact of an increase in Jewish migration and land acquisition by 1936?
Radicalised an increasing number of Palestinian Arabs due to growing power of Hajj Amin al Husyani
What attack happened in April 1936?
Arab attack on Jewish bus that led to a series of incidents that escalated into a major Palestinian rebels
When did an Arab attack on a Jewish bus occur?
April 1936
What did the Arab higher committee call for?
National strike in order to achieve:
Cessation of Jewish immigration
End to all further land sales to Jews
Establishment of an Arab national government
Who had called for a National strike in order to achieve:
Cessation of Jewish immigration
End to all further land sales to Jews
Establishment of an Arab national government
Arab higher Committee
Why did the British change their policy in Palestine?
On the brink of war, they needed the Middle Eastern oil and therefore needed the good will of the Arabs
Why did the Zionists no longer matter to the British foreign policy?
Jewish leverage in the foreign office reduced as Balfour, Samuels had left the foreign office and the new administration was not pro-Zionist
Why did the Jews have no choice but to support the British in the Second World War?
Support Britain against the Nazi Germany
By the Mid 1930’s what was the size of Yishuv?
400,000
By the mid 1930’s what area had grown to 400,000?
Yishuv
Who led the existing Palestinian leadership?
Hajj Amin al Husyani
What happened in 1937?
British alongside regional Arab allies (Amin Abdullah of Transjordan, King Ghazi of Iraq and King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia) mediated an end to the revolt with the Arab higher committee
When did the British alongside regional Arab allies (Amin Abdullah of Transjordan, King Ghazi of Iraq and King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia) mediated an end to the revolt with the Arab higher committee?
1937
What was issued in July 1937?
Peel commission
When was the Peel Commission issued?
July 1937
What was the peel Commission in July 1937?
Described Arab and Zionist positions and then mentioned British obligation to each as irreconcilable and that the mandate was not working. It recommended the partition of Palestine into a Jewish and Arab states with British mandate over Nazareth, Bethlehem and Jerusalem (as well as a corridor to the coast)
What described Arab and Zionist positions and then mentioned British obligation to each as irreconcilable and that the mandate was not working. It recommended the partition of Palestine into a Jewish and Arab states with British mandate over Nazareth, Bethlehem and Jerusalem (as well as a corridor to the coast)
Peel Commission of July 1937
What happened in Autumn 1937?
Palestinian revolt broke out again
When did the Palestinian revolt break out again?
Autumn of 1937
How did the British put down the second rising of the Palestinian Revolt?
Harsh measures:
Shutting down the Arab higher committee
Deporting many Arab leaders
Why did the British shut down the Arab higher Committee and deport many Arab leaders?
Harsh measures to put down the second outbreak of the Palestinian revolt
What was the impact of deporting many Palestinian Arab leaders after the second outbreak of the Palestinian revolt?
Arabs were unable to match the Zionists highly sophisticated organisation
What was the impact of the Palestinian revolt?
Involvement of the Arab states as advocates of the Palestinian Arabs
What was the impact of other Arab statues advocating on behalf of Palestinian Arabs?
This meant that the British could no longer treat the Palestinian Arabs as separate from its other commitments in the Middle East. But by 1939, the pan-Arab pressure carried increasing weight in London
What was the impact of the revolt in Yishuv?
Palestinian revolt reinforced the strong belief in the need for a strong Jewish defence network
What was the impact of the Arab agricultural boycott in 1936?
Forced the Jewish economy into even greater self-sufficiency
How did the British use Haganah to quiet the rebellion?
Allowed the arming
Who did the British sanction the arming of to quiet the rebellion?
Haganah
How long did the British and Haganah cooperate for?
Until 1939, disturbances came to an end
What officer helped end the rebellion?
Charles Orde Wingate, an officer in the British army
Who was Charles Orde Wingate?
Officer in the British army who was pro-Zionist and Christian.
Effective military commander but very cruel and repressive
What tactic did Charles Orde Wingate use?
Organised special nigh squads of Jewish volunteers to combat the attackers
What cruel tactic did Charles Orde Wingate use?
Carried out executions of suspected rebels without trial
Who organised special night squads of Jewish volunteers that combatted the attackers?
Charles Orde Wingate
How many Jews were killed during the labour strike?
80 Jews by terrorist acts
In what incident were 80 Jews murdered?
Labour strike, terror sit strike
How many Jews were killed between the whole of 1936-39?
415 Jews
During what period were 415 Jews killed?
1936-39
During 1936-39, of what group were 415 killed in?
Jews
How many Arabs were killed between 1936-39?
5,000
During what period were 5,000 Arabs killed?
1936-39
During 1936-39, what group had 5,000 killed?
Arabs
How many Arabs were wounded during 1936-39?
15,000
During what period were 15,000 Arabs wounded?
1936-39
Of which group did the 15,000 people wounded during 1936-39?
Arabs
How many Arabs were imprisoned during 1936-39?
5,600
What happened to 5,600 Arabs between 1936-39?
Imprisoned
What happened to 5,000 Arabs between 1936-39?
Died
What happened to 15,000 Arabs between 1936-39?
Wounded
During what period were 5,600 Arabs imprisoned?
1936-39
What happened on the 26th of September 1937?
Acting district commissioner for Galilee was murdered whilst leaving a church service
Who was murdered on the 26th of September 1937 whilst leaving a church service in Nazareth?
Acting district commissioner for Galilee
When was the Acting district commissioner for Galilee murdered
On the 26th of September 1937 whilst leaving a church service in Nazareth
Even though the Arab higher committee was disbanded, what happened?
Violence continued
Where did Hajj Amin al-Husyani flee to?
Lebanon then Iraq
Who fled to Lebanon then Iraq?
Hajj Amin al-Husyani
Who did the British believe was responsible for the resistance?
Hajj Amin al-Husyani
Who initially favoured the partition plan but reserved themselves when faced with assaults from opponents?
Al-Nashashibis
How did the Al-Nashashibis react to the partition plan?
Initially favoured but then reserved when they faced assault from opponents.
Who was the Al-Nashashibis patron?
Emir Abdullah of Transjordan
How did the Emir Abdullah of Transjordan view the partition?
Backed it. Viewed it as an opportunity to take over Arab Palestine, strategy he later followed in 1948
Where did leadership go to when the Arab higher command fell apart?
Fell into individual commanders in the fields..
Why did the revolt last a year and a half?
Peasant despair and the hatred of great landowners
Who roamed much of central Palestine?
Armed bands during 1938
Where did armed bands roam during 1938?
Central Palestine
What did the Armed bands who roamed much of central Palestine control?
Most major lines of communication and many towns
Who fled to Egypt following her assassination attempts ordered by the mufti?
Raghib Al-Nashashibi
Who was the Hagana linked to?
Histadrut
Who did the British use to search Palestinian peasant women suspected of concealing arms?
Women members of Hagana
What revisionist splinter group began their operating in 1937?
Irgun Zavi Leumi
What did the Irgun Zvai Leumi?
Revisionist splinter group who began their operation
What did Irgun do during three weeks in 1937?
Planted bombs in Arab marketplaces killing 77 Arabs
When and who Planted bombs in Arab marketplaces killing 77 Arabs?
Irgun during 1937 in the space of weeks
How many Arabs were hanged between 1937-39?
Over 100
What did the British do to houses of suspected harbouring guerrillas?
Dynamited, practice adopted by Haganah
How did the Brits respond to the Irgun acts?
Hanging a member of Betar for an attack on an Arab bus
What was the impact of the British hanging the member of Betar, who attacked an Arab bus?
Jews saw it as discriminatory so Irgun took more severe action against the Arabs and prepared resistance from the British
What happened in many Arab villages?
Caught between guerrillas (demand assistance and would even torture those who didn’t join) and the British who were demanding information (they would blow up their houses)
Who made efforts to organise counterrevolutionary squads, who fought rebels and gave information to the Zionists and the British?
Fakhri al-Nashashibi’s
What did Fakhri al-Nashashibi’s do?
Organised counterrevolutionary squads, who fought rebels and gave information to the Zionists and the British
Why did some villages support Fakhri al-Nashashibi’s efforts to organise counterrevolutionary squads, who fought rebels and gave information to the Zionists and the British?
Stuck in between the Arab rebels who were torturing Arabs who didn’t join and the British who would blow up their homes if they were suspected to aid the rebels
During 1938, how many Arabs were killed?
1,700
In what year were 1,700 Arabs killed?
1938
Out of the 1,700 Arabs killed in 1938, how many were rebels?
1,138
Out of the 1,700 Arabs killed in 1938, how many were civilians?
486
In 1938, how many Jews were killed
292 killed
In what year were 292 Jews killed?
1938
By the end of 1938, what did British reinforcements reach?
20,000
What halted divisions in Europe and reduced Nazi threat to Czechoslovakia?
Munich agreement in early October 1938
What was Histadrut?
Trade union that would organise the economic activities of Jewish workers
In 1938, how many British officers were killed?
69
From which group did most of the dedicated members of rebels belong to?
Istiqlal Party
Followed of the late Shaykh Izz al-Din al-Qassam
Led by Adl al-Qadir al-Husayni
