3. 6 Stem cells

Question 1

scar

Answer 1

occurs in heart and brain. Occurs when we damage the substratum bc we grow back a different type of substratem and collagen may not return to normal

Question 2

regeneration

Answer 2

if you don’t dammage the substratum. In the liver with minor injury regeneration occurs around the sinusoids. But even in major injury the liver tries to repair so you still get nodules.

Question 3

continuously dividing/labile cells

Answer 3

epithelium,

bone marrow

Question 4

quiescent (stable) cells

Answer 4

liver (but if you cut some out it will undergo extensive replication so has the capacity for division)

Question 5

non-dividing (permanent) cells

Answer 5

neurons, 
skeletal muscle (lost capacity to divide)

Question 6

Stem cells

Answer 6

pluripotent cells with prolonged capacity for asymmetrical or stoiciastic division - on cell differentiates other cell remains a stem cell

Question 7

Embryonic Stem cells

Answer 7

in blastocyst (32cell) that can grow and differentiate into all of the cell types in the body

Question 8

cell lines of ES can

Answer 8

be made that divide in an undifferentiated state or can be induced to differentiate in several directions

Question 9

ES are used to make

Answer 9

knock out mice

Question 10

ES have the potential for

Answer 10

replacement organs and tissues - therapeutic cloning

Question 11

Engineered stem cells (close to ES cells)

Answer 11

transfer nucleus of adult differentiated cell to an ovum in which the nucleus has been removed. Transfer an ovum to surrogate mother to develop into embryo (embryonic stem cells)

Question 12

Ethical and biological accuracy problems because of

Answer 12

adult pattern of histone methylation and aberant gene expression

Question 13

another engineering method

Answer 13

transfect differentiated adult cells with combinations of genes from ES cells
(Oct3/4, Sox2, c-myc, Kfl4, Nanog, Lin28) and
culture in vitro.
These are known as
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
and have been used in mice to reverse
sickle cell disease

Question 14

Adult stem cells

Answer 14

cell in certain areas of various organs (niches) of mature individuals that have limited capacities for division/differentiation (like basal cells that turn into karytinocytes)

Question 15

Adult stem cells are found in

Answer 15

the bone marrow -
hematopoetic (HSCs) and
stromal (SCx)

Question 16

HSCs can make

Answer 16

all blood cells but also may be able to form other types such as neurons

Question 17

Stromal cells can make

Answer 17

cartilage,
bone ,
muscle ,
fat cells

Question 18

Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells are found in

Answer 18

the bone marrow

Question 19

MAPCs can divide

Answer 19

in culture without snescence

Question 20

MAPCs can be induced to form

Answer 20

meso,
endo, and
neuroectodermal cells

Question 21

MAPCs from all sites have similar

Answer 21

gene expression profiles suggesting similar origin

Question 22

tissue stem cells

Answer 22

committed to cell type of tissue origin

Question 23

Tissue stem cells in the liver

Answer 23

most regeneration hepatocytes but stem cells that form oval cells also contribute

Question 24

Tissue stem cells in the brain

Answer 24

prototype of nonproliferative tissue, but division of neurons occurs in hippocampus and periventricular areas

Question 25

tissue stem cells in skeletal muscles

Answer 25

satellite cells

Question 26

pluriSC to endothelial cells

Answer 26

VEGF

FGF2

Question 27

pluriSC to chondroblasts

Answer 27

sox9

Question 28

pluriSC to osteoblasts

Answer 28

CBFA1

Question 29

pluriSC to fat cell

Answer 29

PPARgamma

Question 30

pluriSC to myotube

Answer 30

myoD,
myogenin,
other

Question 31

stemcells in homeostasis and repair

Answer 31

in most tissues either parenchyma or intermediate stem cells (basal/crypt) contribut to renewal and repair.
They can divide but are commited and are at leveles of differentiation beyond a true tissue stem cell.
The stemcells replenish the pool of replicating comited stem cells. during injury, stemcells kick in if commited or parenchymal cells cant handle the job.