2E. The Thymus and Pineal Glands

Question 1

active in infants and children, aiding in immune cell maturation

Answer 1

thymus

Question 2

small gland in the brain that produces melatonin, regulating sleep cycles

Answer 2

pineal gland

Question 3

a large gland located at the back of the stomach which play a significant role in digestion; specifically helps with breaking down sugars, fats, and starches by releasing pancreatic juices called enzymes

Answer 3

pancreas

Question 4

pancreatic juices

Answer 4

enzymes

Question 5

releases hormones that act as chemical messengers inside the body

Answer 5

pancreas

Question 6

produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine

Answer 6

exocrine

Question 7

the “islets of Langerhans” contain specialized cells that regulate blood sugar

Answer 7

endocrine

Question 8

release digestive enzymes into the small intestine, aiding in the breakdown of nutrients

Answer 8

exocrine cells

Question 9

secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels

Answer 9

endocrine cells

Question 10

a chronic disease that disrupts glucose regulation in the body

Answer 10

diabetes mellitus

Question 11

affects over 9.3% of the U.S. population, costing at least $245 billion annually, and is the seventh leading cause of death, contributing to approximately 234,000 deaths per year

Answer 11

diabetes

Question 12

typically developing before age 25; results from an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells, necessitating lifelong insulin therapy and glucose monitoring

Answer 12

type 1 diabetes

Question 13

usually adult-onset but increasingly diagnosed in younger people, involves insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production by the pancreas

Answer 13

type 2 diabetes

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE: type 2 diabetes is preventable through lifestyle changes, while type 1 diabetes is not

Answer 14

true

Question 15

regulates calcium and phosphate absorption in the digestive tract

Answer 15

calcitriol

Question 16

stimulates red blood cell production, increasing blood volume and pressure

Answer 16

erythropoietin

Question 17

helps regulate blood pressure and volume by triggering aldosterone release, increasing thirst, and promoting water retention

Answer 17

renin

Question 18

released when atrial blood volume is high, reducing thirst and increasing water loss in urine to lower blood volume

Answer 18

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 19

stimulates stomach secretions

Answer 19

gastrin

Question 20

triggers bile release from the gallbladder

Answer 20

cholecystokynin (CCK)

Question 21

activates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

Answer 21

secretin

Question 22

hormones such as histamines and prostaglandins, are produced by various cells and affects only nearby cells

Answer 22

local hormones