2C - Education and Widening Opportunities, 1945-1979

Question 1

What % were in secondary moderns in the PW period?

Answer 1

75%

Question 2

How many people at secondary moderns took a levels in 1964?

Answer 2

Only 318

Question 3

What were technical schools?

Answer 3

Intended to educate MC for scientific or engineering work, aimed to help the country compete technologically but few were built due to cost, only took 3%

Question 4

What was the 1965 Crosland Circular?

Answer 4

Calling for comprehensive schools and an end to 11+

Question 5

What did WW2 highlight?

Answer 5

The need for educated troops as the complexity of technology increased

Question 6

In what way were schools organised as a result of the Butler Act in 1944?

Answer 6

A tripartite system of grammar schools, secondary moderns and technical schools

Question 7

What were grammar schools?

Answer 7

Intended to make academic education for all who could pass 11 plus exam, provided greater opportunity for WC children

Question 8

How did secondary moderns differ to grammar schools?

Answer 8

WC schools, fewer resources, less qualified teachers

Question 9

What effect did the Butler Act have?

Answer 9

Millions of WC children had free compulsory education. Girls had previously been excluded from secondary education and could not attend school.

Question 10

How did Labour and Conservatives have differing opinions on the Butler Act?

Answer 10

Conservatives and RW Labour saw it as a system of effectively providing education for the economy’s needs. LW Labour saw it as socially divisive.

Question 11

Why did the Etonian background of ADH and EH become out of favour with the public?

Answer 11

Seen as out of touch, didn’t recognise that most developed countries like Australia, European countries, Canada and Japan abolished their selection processes.

Question 12

Where and when was the first comprehensive school?

Answer 12

1954 Kidbrooke

Question 13

What did the 1959 Crowther Report recommend?

Answer 13

Raising the school leaving age to 16
More colleges
Widening the number of sixth form courses
Enabling all pupils who were capable of taking O-levels to do so

Question 14

What did the 1963 Newsom Report recommend?

Answer 14

New teaching methods
Attention to be paid to teaching deprived children personal, social development and sex education
More practical subjects for lower ability pupils

Question 15

What did the Labour manifesto pledge in 1964?

Answer 15

Intended to get rid of segregation in schools caused by the 11+

Question 16

By 1964, how many grammars, secondary moderns and technical schools were there?

Answer 16

3906 secondary moderns, 1298 grammar schools, 195 comprehensives

Question 17

What did Labour inform LEAs in the 1960s?

Answer 17

That it expected to see them dismantle selection but never forced them to do so.

Question 18

What did the Labour gov hope by not forcing the dismantle of selection?

Answer 18

Gov hoped that gradually, more and more authorities would adopt comprehensive schooling and that new schools would be built as comprehensives.

Question 19

What did Margaret Thatcher do as EH’s education secretary?

Answer 19

Increased funding of direct grant schools, instructed that there would be no more mergers of grammars and
SMs but spoke out in favour of private education

Question 20

What had MT done by the time she had left the position of Education Secretary?

Answer 20

She had endorsed more comprehensive mergers than any other secretary. 1970-1974 approved 3286 comprehensive schemes out of 3612.

Question 21

The number of comprehensive schools was 30% in 1970, what had this increased to by 1974?

Answer 21

62%

Question 22

What did the 1976 Education Act do?

Answer 22

1976 Education Act reiterated demands from 1965 but did not compel LEAs to act.

Question 23

What did EH propose in 1976?

Answer 23

Ending the funding for direct grant schools and making them comprehensives despite DGs giving half their places free to academic wc and lower mc

Question 24

What did the Plowden Report recommend in 1967?

Answer 24

Banning corporal punishment
Giving children more freedom within the classroom
Encouraging teachers to help and advice rather than lecture

Question 25

What did academics believe about child centred learning?

Answer 25

believed it would improve educational attainment. Some schools who practiced CCL had outstanding results. Other schools who adopted it resulted in chaos.

Question 26

What did the Black Papers of 1969 do?

Answer 26

Criticised decline in the teacher’s authority in the classroom

Question 27

What did the Yellow Book state in the 1960s?

Answer 27

School discipline said to have declined
Curriculum said to not prepare pupils to serve economic interests
Gov and public had too little say on school activity

Question 28

What did the Ruskin Speech delivered by James Callaghan consist of?

Answer 28

PE had some merit and achieved good results when administered by skilled teachers
Did not wish to return to rote learning of 1950s
Thought there should be a national curriculum
Teachers needed to be more scrutinised and inspected

Question 29

What did Clement Attlee believe after WW2 concerning universities?

Answer 29

Unis should be centres for science and engineering: WW2 - skill shortage as innovations like code breaking, jet technology and IT had developed

Question 30

What did the Percy Report 1945 recommend?

Answer 30

That science and engineering should take over classical education like latin
Expansion of unis for influx of more students due to Butler Act

Question 31

What did the Barlow Report 1946 state?

Answer 31

Confirmed there were not enough scientists

Wanted expansion of unis

Question 32

What happened in 1961 despite the huge increase of school pupils?

Answer 32

only 15% of applications to unis were successful

Question 33

How many new unis opened in the 1960s known as plate glass unis?

Answer 33

20 e.g University of Kent, University of East Sussex and University of Canterbury - offered more subjects - very modern

Question 34

What did the 1961 Robbins Committee set out to do?

Answer 34

5X more student places by 1980 and stated that unis should achieve a competent workforce with well educated students, teachers would still continue research

Question 35

What happened in 1970 regarding universities?

Answer 35

11 more unis opened, agreed that welfare state should be expanded to pay for tuition and student grants
32 second tier institutions opened - polytechnics: scientific and vocational courses

Question 36

When was the Open University established?

Answer 36

1971

Question 37

How did degrees increase from 1920 to 1980?

Answer 37

1920 - 4357

1980 - 68150

Question 38

What was the social impact of universities?

Answer 38

Social mobility
HW, EH and MT all pms due to unis grants
1974 500,000 in HE
Pupils from top private schools still over represented in unis

Question 39

In what year were there more comprehensive schools than secondary moderns?

Answer 39

1975 - 2596 comprehensives compared to 1216 secondary moderns. 224 grammar schools still existed in 1980.