2C - Education and Widening Opportunities, 1945-1979 Flashcards
What % were in secondary moderns in the PW period?
75%
How many people at secondary moderns took a levels in 1964?
Only 318
What were technical schools?
Intended to educate MC for scientific or engineering work, aimed to help the country compete technologically but few were built due to cost, only took 3%
What was the 1965 Crosland Circular?
Calling for comprehensive schools and an end to 11+
What did WW2 highlight?
The need for educated troops as the complexity of technology increased
In what way were schools organised as a result of the Butler Act in 1944?
A tripartite system of grammar schools, secondary moderns and technical schools
What were grammar schools?
Intended to make academic education for all who could pass 11 plus exam, provided greater opportunity for WC children
How did secondary moderns differ to grammar schools?
WC schools, fewer resources, less qualified teachers
What effect did the Butler Act have?
Millions of WC children had free compulsory education. Girls had previously been excluded from secondary education and could not attend school.
How did Labour and Conservatives have differing opinions on the Butler Act?
Conservatives and RW Labour saw it as a system of effectively providing education for the economy’s needs. LW Labour saw it as socially divisive.
Why did the Etonian background of ADH and EH become out of favour with the public?
Seen as out of touch, didn’t recognise that most developed countries like Australia, European countries, Canada and Japan abolished their selection processes.
Where and when was the first comprehensive school?
1954 Kidbrooke
What did the 1959 Crowther Report recommend?
Raising the school leaving age to 16
More colleges
Widening the number of sixth form courses
Enabling all pupils who were capable of taking O-levels to do so
What did the 1963 Newsom Report recommend?
New teaching methods
Attention to be paid to teaching deprived children personal, social development and sex education
More practical subjects for lower ability pupils
What did the Labour manifesto pledge in 1964?
Intended to get rid of segregation in schools caused by the 11+
By 1964, how many grammars, secondary moderns and technical schools were there?
3906 secondary moderns, 1298 grammar schools, 195 comprehensives
What did Labour inform LEAs in the 1960s?
That it expected to see them dismantle selection but never forced them to do so.
What did the Labour gov hope by not forcing the dismantle of selection?
Gov hoped that gradually, more and more authorities would adopt comprehensive schooling and that new schools would be built as comprehensives.
What did Margaret Thatcher do as EH’s education secretary?
Increased funding of direct grant schools, instructed that there would be no more mergers of grammars and
SMs but spoke out in favour of private education
What had MT done by the time she had left the position of Education Secretary?
She had endorsed more comprehensive mergers than any other secretary. 1970-1974 approved 3286 comprehensive schemes out of 3612.
The number of comprehensive schools was 30% in 1970, what had this increased to by 1974?
62%
What did the 1976 Education Act do?
1976 Education Act reiterated demands from 1965 but did not compel LEAs to act.
What did EH propose in 1976?
Ending the funding for direct grant schools and making them comprehensives despite DGs giving half their places free to academic wc and lower mc
What did the Plowden Report recommend in 1967?
Banning corporal punishment
Giving children more freedom within the classroom
Encouraging teachers to help and advice rather than lecture
What did academics believe about child centred learning?
believed it would improve educational attainment. Some schools who practiced CCL had outstanding results. Other schools who adopted it resulted in chaos.
What did the Black Papers of 1969 do?
Criticised decline in the teacher’s authority in the classroom
What did the Yellow Book state in the 1960s?
School discipline said to have declined
Curriculum said to not prepare pupils to serve economic interests
Gov and public had too little say on school activity
What did the Ruskin Speech delivered by James Callaghan consist of?
PE had some merit and achieved good results when administered by skilled teachers
Did not wish to return to rote learning of 1950s
Thought there should be a national curriculum
Teachers needed to be more scrutinised and inspected
What did Clement Attlee believe after WW2 concerning universities?
Unis should be centres for science and engineering: WW2 - skill shortage as innovations like code breaking, jet technology and IT had developed
What did the Percy Report 1945 recommend?
That science and engineering should take over classical education like latin
Expansion of unis for influx of more students due to Butler Act
What did the Barlow Report 1946 state?
Confirmed there were not enough scientists
Wanted expansion of unis
What happened in 1961 despite the huge increase of school pupils?
only 15% of applications to unis were successful
How many new unis opened in the 1960s known as plate glass unis?
20 e.g University of Kent, University of East Sussex and University of Canterbury - offered more subjects - very modern
What did the 1961 Robbins Committee set out to do?
5X more student places by 1980 and stated that unis should achieve a competent workforce with well educated students, teachers would still continue research
What happened in 1970 regarding universities?
11 more unis opened, agreed that welfare state should be expanded to pay for tuition and student grants
32 second tier institutions opened - polytechnics: scientific and vocational courses
When was the Open University established?
1971
How did degrees increase from 1920 to 1980?
1920 - 4357
1980 - 68150
What was the social impact of universities?
Social mobility
HW, EH and MT all pms due to unis grants
1974 500,000 in HE
Pupils from top private schools still over represented in unis
In what year were there more comprehensive schools than secondary moderns?
1975 - 2596 comprehensives compared to 1216 secondary moderns. 224 grammar schools still existed in 1980.
