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A Level DT > 2.8 Responsible Design > Flashcards

2.8 Responsible Design Flashcards

1
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: REDUCE

A
  • cut down amount of material & energy

- eg water bottle- uses as little material as possible while still maintaining strength

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2
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: REUSE

A
  • reuse products for the same/different use at the end of life
  • eg glass coffee jars can be used again with refill packs
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3
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: RECYCLE

A
  • convert waste products into new materials
    PRIMARY: using functioning secondhand products (eg charity shops etc)
    SECONDARY: materials recycled into different products (eg boat sails > bean bags/sailing jackets)
    TERTIARY: completely breaking down product and reformulating it using chemical process (eg water bottle > fleece)
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4
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: REPAIR

A
  • fix a product when it breaks rather than discarding (eg repairing a puncture)
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5
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: REFUSE

A
  • consumer choice of whether or not to buy a product or not
  • eg considering whether it has been made sustainably & ethically or not, refusing less efficient white goods- fridge, dishwasher, etc
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6
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: RETHINK

A
  • rethink the way products are designed & manufactured to be more efficient
  • eg using SMAs to aid disassembly
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7
Q

primary carbon footprint (definition)

A

measures direct CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels. Includes transport & domestic energy

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8
Q

secondary carbon footprint (definition)

A

measures indirect CO2 from products used

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9
Q

why packaging is normally provided on a product (4)

A
  • protect product
  • show key information about the product
  • make the product more appealing to the consumer
  • keep perishable items fresher for longer
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10
Q

advantages of renewable energy (6)

A
  • sustainable, will never run out
  • renewable energy facilities need less maintenance
  • fuel from natural resources reduces operational costs
  • little waste/CO2 produced, minimal environmental impact
  • considered clean energy
  • social & economic benefits- can bring employment & use of local services in the area
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11
Q

disadvantages of renewable energy (4)

A
  • can be difficult to produce large quantities of energy
  • often relies on the weather- supply can be inconsistent
  • cannot be stored in large quantities for later use
  • more expensive than fossil fuels due to large capital cost associated with new tech
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12
Q

wind power (description)

A
  • turbine blades catch wind
  • turn
  • turns generator
  • generates power
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13
Q

wind power (geographical issues)

A
  • best located at sea or on mountains
  • where there is the most consistent & undisrupted wind
  • not suited to urban environments
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14
Q

wind power (environmental issues)

A
  • eyesore
  • destroy habitats during installation
  • (large disruption due to large farms being built)
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15
Q

wind power (reliability)

A
  • wind is often inconsistent

- only about 50% of wind’s kinetic energy converted into power, large farms needed to be effective

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16
Q

hydro power (description)

A
  • power of water in motion
  • dams trap water
  • water is released, turning turbines
  • power generated as water gains potential energy before it flows down which is converted into kinetic energy to turn the turbines
  • water can be pumped up from lower reservoir to be used again
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17
Q

hydro power (geographical issues)

A
  • requires very large area
  • dam needs to be built (expensive)
  • could affect local leisure/attractions (water sports, fishing, etc)
18
Q

hydro power (environmental issues)

A
  • land often flooded to build dams- destroys habitats & agricultural land
  • plants trapped in the dam can emit greenhouse gases
  • construction can cause flooding in other areas
  • potential for subsidence (land sinking gradually) to occur breaking dam > flooding
19
Q

hydro power (reliability)

A
  • very reliable
  • reservoir supplies ‘reserve’ of water when little rainfall
  • 90% efficiency
20
Q

solar power (description)

A
  • photovoltaic cells convert light into direct current
  • converted into an alternating current
  • produces electricity
21
Q

solar power (geographical issues)

A
  • large areas of land required to generate lots of power

- strength of sunlight in some places inconsistent throughout year

22
Q

solar power (environmental issues)

A
  • large areas of land need to be cleared, disrupting wildlife
  • eyesore
23
Q

solar power (reliability)

A
  • dependent on location
    > very reliable in desert
    > much less reliable in temperate climate (less sunlight. eg UK)
  • low power generating capacity- large surface area needed to generate significant quantities of power
24
Q

wave power (description)

A
  • energy produced by constant movement (kinetic energy) of waves
  • wave movement forces water up a cylinder to turn turbine & generate power
25
Q

wave power (geographical issues)

A
  • must be in coastal area
  • could affect tourism & leisure
  • further out at sea plants are less accessible for maintenance
  • cause coastal erosion
26
Q

wave power (environmental issues)

A
  • highly disruptive to habitats & wildlife

- eyesore

27
Q

wave power (reliability)

A
  • highly reliable- waves in constant motion
  • strength can vary
  • continuous power produced
28
Q

tidal barrage (description)

A
  • estuaries are dammed & force flow of water through turbines
  • electricity generated as water flows either in or out of estuary
29
Q

tidal barrage (geographical issues)

A
  • must be located at coastal area (affects tourism etc)

- disrupt transport through estuary (eg boats)

30
Q

tidal barrage (environmental issues)

A
  • disruption and/or destruction of animal habitats

- eyesore

31
Q

tidal barrage (reliability)

A
  • tides can be reliably predicted

- 60% efficiency

32
Q

geothermal (description)

A
  • natural heat from underground heats up water to create steam
  • steam turns turbine > electricity
33
Q

geothermal (geographical issues)

A
  • affects water purity
  • can cause earthquakes
  • must be located near heat vent (often far from cities)
34
Q

geothermal (environmental issues)

A
  • destruction of habitats

- release of greenhouse gases from underground

35
Q

geothermal (reliability)

A
  • very reliable (not affected by external factors such as weather)
  • uses 20-25% less electricity to produce more electricity than other methods
36
Q

biomass (description)

A
  • organic matter such as wood, dried vegetation & crop residues burnt to heat water & produce steam
  • steam turns turbine > electricity
37
Q

biomass (geographical issues)

A
  • requires large amount of land & fuel to burn which could be used to grow food or cause deforestation
38
Q

biomass (environmental issues)

A
  • produces CO2

- low overall impact if biomass replaced

39
Q

biomass (reliability)

A
  • reliable as long as supply is consistent & sustainable

- relatively efficient but not as efficient as fossil fuels

40
Q

circular economy (definition)

A
  • approach that anticipates & designs for biological & technical ‘nutrients’ (materials) to be continuously reused at the same quality, reducing dependency on sourcing new materials
  • biological nutrient = organic, non-toxic material. can be composted/re-enter environment without causing harm
41
Q

principles for designers & manufactures in circular economy (5)

A
  • restorative & regenerative design & manufacture
  • regenerating ecosystems
  • designing out waste & pollution
  • keeping products/materials in use
  • optimise resources
42
Q

examples of methods that could be implemented for a circular economy (4)

A
  • take back- products returned at end of life at no cost so parts can be repaired & reused. could use an incentive to encourage this
  • optimising product life cycle- design for repair & recycle, reducing environmental impact of manufacture
  • use of biological nutrients- reduce impact on environment at end of life
  • use of standardised components- makes it easier for repairs

A Level DT (21 decks)

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