2.8 Responsible Design Flashcards

1
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: REDUCE

A
  • cut down amount of material & energy

- eg water bottle- uses as little material as possible while still maintaining strength

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2
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: REUSE

A
  • reuse products for the same/different use at the end of life
  • eg glass coffee jars can be used again with refill packs
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3
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: RECYCLE

A
  • convert waste products into new materials
    PRIMARY: using functioning secondhand products (eg charity shops etc)
    SECONDARY: materials recycled into different products (eg boat sails > bean bags/sailing jackets)
    TERTIARY: completely breaking down product and reformulating it using chemical process (eg water bottle > fleece)
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4
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: REPAIR

A
  • fix a product when it breaks rather than discarding (eg repairing a puncture)
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5
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: REFUSE

A
  • consumer choice of whether or not to buy a product or not
  • eg considering whether it has been made sustainably & ethically or not, refusing less efficient white goods- fridge, dishwasher, etc
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6
Q

ways the designer/manufacturer can reduce environmental impact of a product: RETHINK

A
  • rethink the way products are designed & manufactured to be more efficient
  • eg using SMAs to aid disassembly
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7
Q

primary carbon footprint (definition)

A

measures direct CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels. Includes transport & domestic energy

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8
Q

secondary carbon footprint (definition)

A

measures indirect CO2 from products used

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9
Q

why packaging is normally provided on a product (4)

A
  • protect product
  • show key information about the product
  • make the product more appealing to the consumer
  • keep perishable items fresher for longer
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10
Q

advantages of renewable energy (6)

A
  • sustainable, will never run out
  • renewable energy facilities need less maintenance
  • fuel from natural resources reduces operational costs
  • little waste/CO2 produced, minimal environmental impact
  • considered clean energy
  • social & economic benefits- can bring employment & use of local services in the area
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11
Q

disadvantages of renewable energy (4)

A
  • can be difficult to produce large quantities of energy
  • often relies on the weather- supply can be inconsistent
  • cannot be stored in large quantities for later use
  • more expensive than fossil fuels due to large capital cost associated with new tech
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12
Q

wind power (description)

A
  • turbine blades catch wind
  • turn
  • turns generator
  • generates power
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13
Q

wind power (geographical issues)

A
  • best located at sea or on mountains
  • where there is the most consistent & undisrupted wind
  • not suited to urban environments
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14
Q

wind power (environmental issues)

A
  • eyesore
  • destroy habitats during installation
  • (large disruption due to large farms being built)
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15
Q

wind power (reliability)

A
  • wind is often inconsistent

- only about 50% of wind’s kinetic energy converted into power, large farms needed to be effective

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16
Q

hydro power (description)

A
  • power of water in motion
  • dams trap water
  • water is released, turning turbines
  • power generated as water gains potential energy before it flows down which is converted into kinetic energy to turn the turbines
  • water can be pumped up from lower reservoir to be used again
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17
Q

hydro power (geographical issues)

A
  • requires very large area
  • dam needs to be built (expensive)
  • could affect local leisure/attractions (water sports, fishing, etc)
18
Q

hydro power (environmental issues)

A
  • land often flooded to build dams- destroys habitats & agricultural land
  • plants trapped in the dam can emit greenhouse gases
  • construction can cause flooding in other areas
  • potential for subsidence (land sinking gradually) to occur breaking dam > flooding
19
Q

hydro power (reliability)

A
  • very reliable
  • reservoir supplies ‘reserve’ of water when little rainfall
  • 90% efficiency
20
Q

solar power (description)

A
  • photovoltaic cells convert light into direct current
  • converted into an alternating current
  • produces electricity
21
Q

solar power (geographical issues)

A
  • large areas of land required to generate lots of power

- strength of sunlight in some places inconsistent throughout year

22
Q

solar power (environmental issues)

A
  • large areas of land need to be cleared, disrupting wildlife
  • eyesore
23
Q

solar power (reliability)

A
  • dependent on location
    > very reliable in desert
    > much less reliable in temperate climate (less sunlight. eg UK)
  • low power generating capacity- large surface area needed to generate significant quantities of power
24
Q

wave power (description)

A
  • energy produced by constant movement (kinetic energy) of waves
  • wave movement forces water up a cylinder to turn turbine & generate power
25
wave power (geographical issues)
- must be in coastal area - could affect tourism & leisure - further out at sea plants are less accessible for maintenance - cause coastal erosion
26
wave power (environmental issues)
- highly disruptive to habitats & wildlife | - eyesore
27
wave power (reliability)
- highly reliable- waves in constant motion - strength can vary - continuous power produced
28
tidal barrage (description)
- estuaries are dammed & force flow of water through turbines - electricity generated as water flows either in or out of estuary
29
tidal barrage (geographical issues)
- must be located at coastal area (affects tourism etc) | - disrupt transport through estuary (eg boats)
30
tidal barrage (environmental issues)
- disruption and/or destruction of animal habitats | - eyesore
31
tidal barrage (reliability)
- tides can be reliably predicted | - 60% efficiency
32
geothermal (description)
- natural heat from underground heats up water to create steam - steam turns turbine > electricity
33
geothermal (geographical issues)
- affects water purity - can cause earthquakes - must be located near heat vent (often far from cities)
34
geothermal (environmental issues)
- destruction of habitats | - release of greenhouse gases from underground
35
geothermal (reliability)
- very reliable (not affected by external factors such as weather) - uses 20-25% less electricity to produce more electricity than other methods
36
biomass (description)
- organic matter such as wood, dried vegetation & crop residues burnt to heat water & produce steam - steam turns turbine > electricity
37
biomass (geographical issues)
- requires large amount of land & fuel to burn which could be used to grow food or cause deforestation
38
biomass (environmental issues)
- produces CO2 | - low overall impact if biomass replaced
39
biomass (reliability)
- reliable as long as supply is consistent & sustainable | - relatively efficient but not as efficient as fossil fuels
40
circular economy (definition)
- approach that anticipates & designs for biological & technical 'nutrients' (materials) to be continuously reused at the same quality, reducing dependency on sourcing new materials - biological nutrient = organic, non-toxic material. can be composted/re-enter environment without causing harm
41
principles for designers & manufactures in circular economy (5)
- restorative & regenerative design & manufacture - regenerating ecosystems - designing out waste & pollution - keeping products/materials in use - optimise resources
42
examples of methods that could be implemented for a circular economy (4)
- take back- products returned at end of life at no cost so parts can be repaired & reused. could use an incentive to encourage this - optimising product life cycle- design for repair & recycle, reducing environmental impact of manufacture - use of biological nutrients- reduce impact on environment at end of life - use of standardised components- makes it easier for repairs