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A Level DT > 1.1 Materials and their Applications > Flashcards

1.1 Materials and their Applications Flashcards

1
Q

hardness

A

how easily a material can be scratched or indented

(often stiff but brittle- low impact resistance)

Eg diamond, high carbon steel

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2
Q

ductility

A

ability to be drawn out into a thin wire
how easily a material can be worked

Eg gold, copper, titanium, rough iron

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3
Q

durability

A

ability to withstand wear and tear through weathering/corrosive attack etc

Eg glass

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4
Q

elasticity

A

ability of a material to return to its original form after a load has been applied and removed

Eg rubber, nylon, mild steel spring

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5
Q

toughness

A

material that absorbs impact well (sudden forces/shocks eg hammer blow)

opposite of brittleness

Eg copper, nickel, stainless steel, titanium alloys

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6
Q

corrosion resistance

A

ability to withstand environmental attack and decay

Eg uPVC, gold, silver

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7
Q

plasticity

A

materials which deform permanently when small forces are applied

Eg clay

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8
Q

compressive strength

A

ability to withstand pushing/squeezing forces

Eg concrete, diamonds

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9
Q

stiffness

A

ability to withstand bending

Eg aluminium

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10
Q

stability

A

general property of resistance to changes in shape or size (eg due to temperature/humidity changes)

Eg plastic & ceramics (wood = poor example)

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11
Q

self finishing

A

materials need no further treatment other than cleaning/polishing

Eg laser cut plastics (such as acrylic)

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12
Q

thermal conductivity

A

how well a material conducts heat

Eg most metals (esp copper, aluminium)

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13
Q

electrical conductivity

A

how well a material conducts electricity

Eg metals (esp copper), graphite

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14
Q

brittleness

A

material that has a tendency to break easily or suddenly without extension first (opposite of toughness)

Eg ceramics, cast iron, concrete

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15
Q

density

A

= mass per unit of volume

unit is kg/m^3

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16
Q

malleability

A

ability to plastically deform and shape a material by forging, rolling or any other method of applying pressure without cracking

(lit. meaning = being easy to beat into a thin sheet)

Eg lead, gold, copper

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17
Q

strength

A

general ability to withstand applied force

Eg reinforced concrete

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18
Q

tensile strength

A

ability to withstand pulling/stretching forces

Eg carbon fibres, graphene

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19
Q

light transmission

A

how easily the material allows light to pass through it

20
Q

fusibility

A

ability of a material to be fused or converted from a solid to a liquid/molten state (usually) by heat

21
Q

magnetism

A

natural force between objects that cause the material to attract iron or steels

22
Q

toughness vs brittleness

WORKSHOP TEST

A

samples clamped in vice, hit with hammer using same force
tough = absorbs impact
brittle = bend/shatter

23
Q

toughness vs brittleness

INDUSTRIAL TESTS

A

IZOD/CHARPY IMPACT TEST

notched test piece held vertically in vice
pendulum released from set position
swings & strikes test piece
energy absorbed calculated from height pendulum swings to after impact
further swing = less energy absorbed = more brittle

24
Q

hardness

WORKSHOP TESTS

A

ABRASIVE WEAR
run file over surface of material
fewer scratches = harder

RESISTANCE TO SURFACE INDENTATION
using dot punch & hammer
sample is fully supported beneath
dot punch hit with hammer once using same force for each material
smaller indent = harder
25
Q 
hardness
INDUSTRIAL TESTS (ROCKWELL)
A

ROCKWELL TEST

  • preload applied to sample using diamond indenter- breaks through surface of material
  • preload = datum position
  • additional load applied & held for predetermined length of time (dwell time)
  • load released and distance between preload and applied load measured & hardness calculate
  • smaller indentation depth = harder material
26
Q

hardness
(INDUSTRIAL TESTS)
brinell test

A

BRINELL TEST

  • hardened steel ball forced into materials surface using pre-set load
  • diameter measured
  • smaller diameter = harder material
27
Q

hardness
(INDUSTRIAL TESTS)
vickers pyramid test

A

VICKERS PYRAMID TEST

  • used for v hard materials
  • diamond square-based pyramid used to indent material surface
  • diamond used as will not deform under load
  • microscope used to measure size of indent
  • smaller indent = harder material
28
Q

malleability & ductility

WORKSHOP TEST

A
  • test piece secured in vice
  • attempt to bend test piece 90 degrees
  • OUTSIDE BEND: cracks/surface damage = lack of ductility
  • INSIDE BEND: cracks/surface damage = lack of malleability
29
Q

ductility & malleability

INDUSTRIAL TEST

A

-test piece placed into bending machine & held. supported at both ends.
-a mandrel/plunger loads test piece at centre & bends to predetermined angle/until fractures
OUTSIDE BEND= ductility
INSIDE BEND= malleability

30
Q

tensile strength

WORKSHOP TEST

A
  • clamp materials of same length & thickness into vice
  • apply load to unclamped end
  • see how much material deflects under load/how much load material can bear with least deflection
  • less deflection = more tensile strength
31
Q

tensile strength

INDUSTRIAL TEST

A
  • test piece clamped into tensometer machine & held at each end w/ clamps
  • one clamp fixed, other moves (on a worm drive gear mechanism)
  • as test piece stretched load & distance travelled is plotted
  • gives info on elastic limit, yield point, max load and final breaking point after ‘necking’
32
Q

electrical conductivity

WORKSHOP TEST

A
  • using multimeter
  • samples have same dimensions
  • set distance between two ends of the sample is marked (distance = spacing for each probe)
  • probes placed on distance marks & measure resistance on multimeter
  • higher resistance = lower conductivity
33
Q

electrical conductivity

INDUSTRIAL TEST

A

-four-point probe method
-4 small diameter wires are stretched parallel to each other across non-conductive polymer block & held in place & connected to copper terminal blocks
-2 leads attached to inner wires & 2 to outer wires
-outer leads connected to a precise current
-inner leads measure voltage drop
ohm’s law used to calculate resistance

34
Q

thermal conductivity

WORKSHOP TEST

A
  • using a thermometer
  • thermometer is placed a set distance from one end of the sample
  • Bunsen burner lit at the other end
  • time it takes for temperature to reach a set point at the other end of sample is recorded
  • shorter time = high conductivity
35
Q

thermal conductivity

INDUSRIAL TEST

A
  • using heat flow meter
  • square-shaped sample placed between 2 temperature controlled plates
  • temp increased at controlled rate
  • heat flow through material measured by heat flow sensors on surface of sample
36
Q

bending strength

A

ability to resist forces that may bend the material

37
Q

shear strength

A

ability to resist sliding forces on a parallel plane

38
Q

torsional strength

A

ability to withstand twisting forces from applied torque or torsion

39
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

metals

A

FERROUS- contains iron, magnetic, rusts
NON-FERROUS- no iron, non-magnetic, no rust
ALLOY- metal made of 2+ metals or 2+ elements of which at least one is a metal, can also be ferrous/non-ferrous

40
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

woods

A

HARDWOOD- from deciduous trees- slow growing, lose leaves
SOFTWOOD- from coniferous trees- fast growing, evergreen
MANUFACTURED BOARD- man-made wood-based composite material

41
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

polymers

A

THERMOPLASTIC- can be reheated and reshaped repeatedly
THERMOSETTING- can only be moulded once
ELASTOMER- at room temperature can be deformed under pressure then released & return to original shape

42
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

papers and boards

A

compliant materials:

can be scored, folded, cut with basic tools to form items such as packaging nets

43
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

composites

A

material comprised of 2+ different materials resulting in material with enhanced properties

44
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

smart materials

A

material whose physical properties change in response to input/change in environment (eg temperature, light, etc)

45
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

modern materials

A

material developed through invention of new/improved processes

A Level DT (21 decks)

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