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A Level DT > 2.3 Technology and Cultural Changes > Flashcards

2.3 Technology and Cultural Changes Flashcards

1
Q

socio-economic influences: pre-ww1 (characteristics)

A
  • most furniture handmade
  • natural materials (wood)
  • build to last (once in a lifetime purchase)
  • expensive
  • luxurious
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2
Q

socio-economic influences: post ww1 (characteristics)

A
  • rise of mass manufacture (increase in industry)
  • use of metal tubing (replace wood)
  • bauhaus movement:
    • unite art & industrial design
    • encourage experimentations
    • eg wassily chair
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3
Q

socio-economic influences: ww2 utility furniture (characteristics)

A
  • shortage of resources (food & materials) lead to rationing
  • timber shortage for furniture worsened by property lost to bombing
  • furniture rationing > committee set up > resources used in optimised manner
  • very simple products
  • strong, no decor
  • traditional methods & materials
  • influenced by William morris
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4
Q

socio-economic influences: post ww2 (characteristics)

A
  • development of polymers (new moulding techniques, PP chair released)
  • american designers: more streamlined products
  • British disliked American design > form Council of Industrial Design (avoid getting left behind)
  • development of transistor > miniaturised radios & audio equipment
  • wider variety of furniture
  • development of knock down furniture
    • affordable
    • easy for consumers to replace when fashions change
      > rise of consumerism
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5
Q

micro-electronics (definition)

A

miniature electronic devices and systems facilitated by the development of the integrated circuit (IC)

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6
Q

benefits of transistors vs vacuum tubes (3)

A
  • much smaller allowing elopement of ICs, smaller = more compact tech
  • so small billions can be used on a single device- improved tech (eg medical scanners)
  • more reliable & less likely to break
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7
Q

Moore’s Law

A

the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) will double approx. every 2 years

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8
Q

key benefits of the internet (3)

A
  • easier communication between countries & continents, available to public
  • greater ease of access to information & more info available
  • info more accurate & regularly updated
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9
Q

how have microelectronics influence manufacturing processes?

A
  • allow for automation
  • eg CNC, robotics
    > allowed for mass & continuous production = more products & more profit
  • allow for rapid prototyping > faster development of products
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10
Q

PRODUCT LIFECYCLE

1. introduction

A
  • product first released
  • few sales
  • little profit
  • range of marketing
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11
Q

PRODUCT LIFECYCLE

2. growth

A
  • product becomes more popular
  • sales increase
  • market share increases
  • cost of development met
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12
Q

PRODUCT LIFECYCLE

3. maturity

A
  • most people who want it, own it

- company must consider how to keep market share (eg re-release, product extension)

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13
Q

PRODUCT LIFECYCLE

4. decline

A
  • sales drop, profit decreases
  • eventual cost of manufacture means product no longer profitable
  • product withdrawn from market
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14
Q

PRODUCT LIFECYCLE

5. product extension

A
  • company releases new product under established brand name (eg iPhone, coke)
  • profit increases
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15
Q

advancements in CAD/CAM:

standardised file format

A
  • eg .stl (3D), .dxf (2D)

- connect CAD/CAM processes for a wide range of software & hardware

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16
Q

advancements in CAD/CAM:

3D printing

A
  • models can be printed from CAD files
  • materials include resins & thermoplastics
  • facilitate short timescale testing of a series of design iterations that can be used to get feedback
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17
Q

advancements in CAD/CAM:

extensible markup language (MXL)

A
  • improved file compatibility for a growing number of different software packages
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18
Q

advancements in CAD/CAM:

FEA & CFD

A
  • simulate impact of decisions being made at the design stage to make improvements
  • saves time, materials & money on testing physical prototypes
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19
Q

advancements in CAD/CAM:

cloud based CAD/CAM software packages

A
  • accessible from any computer
  • improves designers’ productivity & independence
  • facilitates growth of mass customisation
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20
Q

advancements in CAD/CAM:

VR systems incorporating 3D headsets & haptic (sensory) feedback

A
  • realistic appraisal of virtual designs in their intended environment
  • additional CAD tools
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21
Q

rapid prototyping (summary of benefits) (5)

A
  • 3D block models can be created directly from 3D CAD models
  • can print with a wide range of materials (incl resin & thermosetting polymers)
  • CAD models can be tested before printing
  • can be replicated many times after feedback
  • range of iterations of the product, much shorter timespan than handmade models
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22
Q

social, moral & ethical issues (summary)

A
  • issues that affect a significant number of people
  • moral & ethical: people’s beliefs, what they think of as right & wrong
  • designers have some responsibility with these- not cause offence/social faux pas with designs
  • issues different in different cultures
  • eg environment, health, poverty, discrimination, unemployment
23
Q

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (definition)

A
  • a self-regulatory scheme which provides companies with a framework their social & ethical responsibility in the best way
  • not mandatory
  • eg Lego- commit to 100% renewable energy & sustainable raw materials by 2030
  • eg Disney- encourage volunteering & provide disaster aid
24
Q

benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (7)

A
  • encourages innovation
  • reduces costs
  • brings employees together
  • economically efficient
  • socially equitable
  • environmentally sustainable development
  • still ensures economic growth & development
25
Q

social benefits from military technology (examples)

A
  • PillCam- internal medical imaging (originally for missile tech)
  • Radar- safe air travel (developed WW2)
  • EpiPen- automatically injecting syringe (developed to protect against nerve agents & chemical weapons)
  • GPS (US defence system)
  • penicillin (wide use during WW1)
  • nylon & synthetic materials (dev WW2)
26
Q

sustainability (definition)

A

reducing the impact of products & activities etc on the natural environment

27
Q

sustainable strategies implemented by companies (4)

A
  • sustainability review before project start
  • source materials locally (eg Grown in Britain campaign)
  • use responsible managed resources (eg FSC)
  • operate under Ethical Trading Initiative
28
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
electrohydraulic forming
(summary)

A
  • method of forming complex sheet metal parts
  • uses single-sided former
  • forms using a shockwave from electric spark in tank of water
  • trad. equivalent: press forming, deep drawing
29
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
electrohydraulic forming
(advantages) (6)

A
  • only needs single sided former
  • can produce deep, complex, finely detailed shapes
  • range of materials & thicknesses
  • single stage process
  • very fast
  • material evenly distributed
30
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
electrohydraulic forming
(disadvantages) (4)

A
  • must be done in a vacuum
  • high set up cost
  • only works for smaller shapes
  • water must be regularly replaced
31
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
advanced 3D printing of metals
(summary)

A
  • aka direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)
  • laser used to fuse (sinter) metal particles together layer by layer
  • good for making one-off parts/prototypes
  • trad. equivalent is casting
32
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
advanced 3D printing of metals
(advantages) (3)

A
  • creates strong & lightweight parts
  • can achieve complex shapes not possible with casting (eg undercutting, internal voids)
  • no need to purchase & store highly expensive dies
33
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
advanced 3D printing of metals
(disadvantages) (5)

A
  • high set up cost
  • slower than tradition manufacture methods
  • limited number of materials
  • poor surface finish
  • max size dictated by size of print bed
34
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
fibre injection moulding
(summary)

A
  • reinforced fibre roving (slightly twisted stands of continuous reel) incorporated with polymer being moulded
  • very similar to trad. injection moulding
  • trad. equivalent would be lay up process
  • many parts can be made with this process instead of casting (eg aluminium parts for cars, bikes, etc)
35
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
fibre injection moulding
(advantages) (4)

A
  • parts are strong, stiff & lightweight
  • much cheaper & quicker to mould than metal alternatives
  • some polyamides (nylons) can be electroplated to achieve aesthetically pleasing finish)
  • more sustainable- use carbon fibre cut offs & waste
36
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
fibre injection moulding
(disadvantages) (4)

A
  • high set up cost
  • increased brittleness
  • costly for small runs
  • not suitable for small components
37
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
laser beam welding
(summary)

A
  • laser beam used to heat up very small areas of the metal to weld 2 surfaces together
  • trad. equivalent is MIG/TIG welding
38
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
laser beam welding
(advantages) (6)

A
  • laser beam is very precise so can heat up very small areas of the metal meaning less distortion
  • can weld dissimilar materials
  • weld smooth enough not to require additional finishing
  • more accurate
  • no need for filler rods
  • small, thin components can be welded
39
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
laser beam welding
(disadvantages) (3)

A
  • high cost
  • requires clean environment to protect optics
  • health & safety- lasers highly dangerous
40
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
physical vapour deposition
(summary)

A
  • produces thin film of material/coats products with finishing surface
  • alternative to electroplating
  • used for: semi-conductor components, food packaging, machine tool cutting tips, decorative products, phone waterproofing
  • base material is heated until it vapourises
  • then passes through a vacuum to condense of target material
41
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
physical vapour deposition
(advantages) (3)

A
  • can get into very small gaps & coat small components (unlike electroplating/normal films)
  • very durable
  • environmentally friendly- happens in a vacuum, no toxic gases produced
42
Q

MODERN METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
physical vapour deposition
(disadvantages) (3)

A
  • difficult to coat undercuts
  • high cost
  • requires vacuum which uses a lot of power
43
Q

glulam

A
  • laminated timber (much thicker than plywood) accurately planed & glued together
  • strong, corrosion resistant, stable
  • laminate eliminated natural defects
  • alternative to steel & concrete:
    > more economical
    > better strength to weight ratio
    > easy to form & shape with low energy cost
  • always made from sustainable forests
  • used as structural material (bridges, buildings, etc)
44
Q

kevlar

A
  • aromatic polyamide (polymer with ring-like molecules connected in long chains)
  • extremely tough, very high tensile strength
  • woven into material- lightweight & strong
  • uses: bullet proof vests, puncture resistant tyres, aeronautical applications
45
Q

precious metal clay

A
  • microscopic particles of precious metals brought together in pliable medium
  • shaped into jewellery etc
  • once shaped undergoes sintering process (temperature raised unit medium burned off & metal particles fuse together)
  • can be made very quickly (only needs to be heated for a short amount of time)
  • can be used in craft kits at home
  • thinks approx 10%
46
Q

nanomaterials

A
  • materials which are 1-100 nanometers in size
  • used as additives in cosmetics etc
  • used in sports equipment to improve tensile strength, stiffness etc
  • research being done into nanoelectronics- much smaller but greater capacity than microelectronics
  • used to coat materials to add/improve properties
    > samsung- graphene prolong battery life
  • graphene = 2D form of carbon, honey comb structure
  • when rolled into tube: high tensile strength, hardness, heat resistance, electrical conductivity
  • nanotubes very thin & hollow- can be used in medicine eg delivering drugs
  • non-recyclable
  • some potentially toxic
47
Q

migration (definition)

A
  • the movement of people from place to place
  • particularly due to push & pull factors (eg conflict, lack of resources, better job opportunities, promise of a better life, etc)
  • example of programs to help migrants: BetterShelter (IKEA), SunWater
48
Q

impact of migration on infrastructure

A
  • large communities of displaced people often set up with little infrastructure due to lack of infrastructure & resources for sudden increase in population
  • infrastructure in places people migrate from stagnates
49
Q

fairtrade (definition)

A
  • organisation which promotes the fair & ethical treatment of farmers & workers, ensuring workers are treated well & farmers paid properly. Also helps prevent exploitation & child labour
50
Q

inclusive design (definition)

A
  • products which are designed to be be easy to use for as many people as possible without having to adapt or change them
51
Q

crowdfunding (definition)

A
  • people can pledge/donate money to fund projects, usually online
52
Q

open design (definition)

A
  • designs free from intellectual property rights

- allows anyone to use and modify the design for free

53
Q

Trevor Baylis wind-up radio

A
  • powered by clockwork, not batteries
  • accessible to people in places where batteries too expensive/not available
  • accessible access to news & important broadcasts
  • other windup products developed (eg torches)- more accessible technology

A Level DT (21 decks)

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