251-300 Flashcards by Cooper Barnson

Based on Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce; corporate monopolies were exposed to federal prosecution if found to conspire in restraining trade

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

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Called for full equality of African-Americans, which included social, civil, political, and economic equality; opposed Booker T. Washington’s “gradual approach” to equality

W.E.B. Dubois

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Twenty-first President; Worked to outlaw polygamy in Utah and strengthen the Navy; supported the Pendleton Act which established open competitive exams for civil service jobs, and ended the Spoils System

Chester Arthur (1881-1885)

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A series of court cases held to determine if the “Constitution followed the flag”–whether people in areas controlled by the US were given rights as citizens; court decided those in new territories were NOT automatically granted rights

Insular Cases (1901-1904)

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Revolution against Queen Liliuokalani came about in 1893, and was encouraged by American leaders; Grover Cleveland felt most islanders did not support the revolution, but his attempt to restore the queen failed

Hawaii (Founded in 1894)

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Address given by William Jennings Bryan, speech criticized the gold standard and supported coinage of silver; beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers

Cross of Gold Speech (1896)

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Pay cuts caused labor strikes to spread; workers of Baltimore and Ohio RR went on strike over second pay cut; President Hayes used federal troops to restore order after workers were killed

Railroad Strike (1877)

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This amendment promised that when the US overthrew Spanish rule in Cuba, US would give Cubans their independence; would later be overridden by the Platt Amendment as Cuba would come under US control after the Spanish-American War

Teller Amendment (1898)

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Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity; this frightened white settlers; army fired on Sitting Bull and the tribe fled to Wounded Knee Creek; killed two hundred indians and was the LAST of the indian wars

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

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Created the basis for the scientific management of business in a quest for efficiency; used shops and large plantations as models and succeeded in spreading his ideas to several industries

Frederick Winslow Taylor

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Twenty-fifth president; assassinated one year into his second term

William Jennings Bryan (1897-1901)

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American capitalist dealing in coal, shipping, ship building, and banking; helped Mckinley win election of 1896

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

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Worked in Iron business then into steel after learning Bessemer process; grew Carnegie Steel Company through acquisitions; wrote “Gospel of Wealth” offering belief that wealthy were trustees of money that must be used to benefit society

Andrew Carnegie (Late 1800s)

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President of American Railway Union in 1893; led successful strikes against the Great Northern Railway and against Pullman Palace Car Company; founder of Social Democratic Party

Eugene V. Debs

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Only legislation passed to limit immigration of any one group of people; passed in response to the Chinese who settled in California after building the railroads

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

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Period of NEW INDUSTRIAL ERA; coined by Mark Twain, America emerged as the world’s leading industrial and agricultural producer; profits became increasingly centralized in the hands of fewer people

Gilded Age (1870s-1890s)

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Combination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours, and safety; rather than revolutionary changes, they sought a better working life

American Federation of Labor (AFL, 1886)

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Legislation encouraging the breakup of Native American tribes in hopes of assimilating them into American society; distributed Native American reservation lands among individual members of the tribe to set up agricultural system similar to white mans

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

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Nineteenth President; won election through Compromise of 1877; removed federal troops from South

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)

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Completed with Golden Spike; marked meeting of Union Pacific and Central Railroads; Union Pacific used Irish labor and Central Pacific used Chinese

First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

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Modern Navy (1880s)

Construction of new steel ships led the US to take the lead in world rankings; US Naval War College established in 1844; repair and coaling stations helped expand the Navy’s effectiveness

Case challenged legislation made against RRs; trying to appease the demands of farmers for lower RR rates; Supreme court determined that states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

Wabash Case (1886)

Written by Alfred Mahan, further encouraged those in favor of American imperialism and seaward expansion; used for partial justification for the US taking Philippines

“The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783” (1890)

Consisted mostly of farmers, members met in Nebraska wrote their “Omaha Platform”, demands included free and unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, and govt. ownership of phones/telegraph/RR industry

Populist Party (1890)

Militant organization seeking solutions to labor problems; allowed skilled and unskilled workers to join; wanted an eight-hour day, termination of child labor, equal pay for equal work, and elimination of private banks

Knights of Labor (1869)

Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana state law that required "separate but equal"; the majority stated that the 14th amendment protected only political equality, not social equality

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

American journalists, novelists, critics who exposed corruption, especially in business and politics; famous ones include Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Samuel Hopkins Adams; led to support for the progressive movement

Muckrakers (1900-1912)

Cuba resented Spain's control, leading to rebellion, US supporting against Spain; sent battleship "Maine" to protect american interests; US fought Spain in Philippines and in Cuba; we receive Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines for $20 million

Spanish-American War (1898)

Founder of Standard Oil Company; used HORIZONTAL integration, trusts, and rebates to grow his company; focused on philanthropy towards the end of his life

John D. Rockefeller (Late 1800s)

Economic depression during Grant's second term; over expansion, unregulated business during the post-Civil War years, failure of American investment banking firms, and economic downturns in Europe all contributed to the panic Led to retirement of greenbacks and return to gold standard

Panic of 1873

Twentieth President; his assassination spurred the Pendleton Act

James Garfield (1881)

In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, giving Puerto Rico limited popular govt.; in 1917, US citizenship was given to Puerto Ricans

Puerto Rico and the United States

Social, political, and economic reform that came as an American response to problems causes by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration; helped develop 16th, 17th, and 19th amendments

Progressivism (1890-1914)

Iron and steel workers' strike against Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh to protest slavery reductions; Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton security guards to protect the plant, but fighting resulted in deaths on both sides

Homestead Strike (1892)

Established the Interstate Commerce Commission in part to monitor discrimination within the railroad industry; prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates--basically opened competition to equality

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Built media empire, including newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and movie studios; his "Yellow Journalism" writing that dealt with sensational news, helped lead the United States into the Spanish-American War

William Randolph Hearst

Half-Breeds, Stalwarts, and Mugwumps

Factions of the Republican Party in the 1880s - Half-Breeds; supported civil service reform - Stalwarts; opposed civil service reform and supported protected tariff - Mugwumps; group left Republican Party to become Democrats; heavily favored civil service reform

Twenty-sixth president; party of Rough Rider Regiment during Spanish-American conflict; became a "trust buster" using Sherman Antitrust Act to dissolve trusts; "speak softly and carry a big stick" protecting the US interests by ensuring construction of Panama Canal and authority in Latin America; supported conservation (not preservation)

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

American novelist from Hannibal, Missouri; writing portray essence of life and speech during the era; his use of distinctly American vernacular influenced future fiction writers

Mark Twain

Written into the constitution of Cuba by US, making Cuba a US protectorate; US could intervene to preserve Cuba's "independence", so we could act to protect our own interests

Platt Amendment (1901)

Came after disputed presidential election of 1876 between Hayes and Tilden; Tilden wins popular vote, but neither wins electoral vote; Democrats agree to give Hayes presidency for promise to show consideration for Southern interests, end Reconstruction, aid Southern industrialization, and withdraw forces out of South

Compromise of 1877

Wall street banker whose company financed RRs, banks, and insurance companies; bought out Carnegie for $400 million; philanthropist

J.P. Morgan (Late 1800s)

Used his writings to expose issues in need for food inspection laws, and oppressive effect of capitalism on education and culture; "The Jungle" led to food inspection reforms and Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Upton Sinclair

Theory that wealth was based on survival of the fittest; associated with Charles Darwin's work; wealthy industrial leaders used doctrines to justify vast differences in classes

Social Darwinism (1880s)

To aid in cost of Civil War, liquor taxes increased; distillers and treasury officials conspired to defraud the government by giving out cheap tax stamps, robbing the government of millions in excise tax; one of Grants scandals

Whiskey Ring Fraud (1870s)

Twenty third president; defeated Grover Cleveland, despite receiving fewer popular votes; submitted to the senate a treaty to Annex Hawaii, but president Cleveland late withdrew it

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)

Large rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago shortly after striking began at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.; police attempted to disperse the crowd when a bomb goes off; used to discredit the Knights of Labor

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

Twenty-second and twenty-fourth; first democrat elected after Civil War; Signed the Interstate Commerce Act; sent in Federal troops to enforce injunction against striking RR workers in Chicago

Grover Cleveland (1885-1889 & 1893-1897)

Leaders of large, efficient corporations; often gained wealth through questionable business means; monopolies by these companies led to demands by small businessmen for govt. regulations

Captains of Industry or Robber Barons (1880s)

American social reformer provided services of the Hull House in Chicago to help poor immigrants settle; member of "Social Gospel" movement

Jane Addams