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U.S. History > 251-300 > Flashcards

251-300 Flashcards

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1
Q

Based on Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce; corporate monopolies were exposed to federal prosecution if found to conspire in restraining trade

A

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

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2
Q

Called for full equality of African-Americans, which included social, civil, political, and economic equality; opposed Booker T. Washington’s “gradual approach” to equality

A

W.E.B. Dubois

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3
Q

Twenty-first President; Worked to outlaw polygamy in Utah and strengthen the Navy; supported the Pendleton Act which established open competitive exams for civil service jobs, and ended the Spoils System

A

Chester Arthur (1881-1885)

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4
Q

A series of court cases held to determine if the “Constitution followed the flag”–whether people in areas controlled by the US were given rights as citizens; court decided those in new territories were NOT automatically granted rights

A

Insular Cases (1901-1904)

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5
Q

Revolution against Queen Liliuokalani came about in 1893, and was encouraged by American leaders; Grover Cleveland felt most islanders did not support the revolution, but his attempt to restore the queen failed

A

Hawaii (Founded in 1894)

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6
Q

Address given by William Jennings Bryan, speech criticized the gold standard and supported coinage of silver; beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers

A

Cross of Gold Speech (1896)

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7
Q

Pay cuts caused labor strikes to spread; workers of Baltimore and Ohio RR went on strike over second pay cut; President Hayes used federal troops to restore order after workers were killed

A

Railroad Strike (1877)

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8
Q

This amendment promised that when the US overthrew Spanish rule in Cuba, US would give Cubans their independence; would later be overridden by the Platt Amendment as Cuba would come under US control after the Spanish-American War

A

Teller Amendment (1898)

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9
Q

Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity; this frightened white settlers; army fired on Sitting Bull and the tribe fled to Wounded Knee Creek; killed two hundred indians and was the LAST of the indian wars

A

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

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10
Q

Created the basis for the scientific management of business in a quest for efficiency; used shops and large plantations as models and succeeded in spreading his ideas to several industries

A

Frederick Winslow Taylor

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11
Q

Twenty-fifth president; assassinated one year into his second term

A

William Jennings Bryan (1897-1901)

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12
Q

American capitalist dealing in coal, shipping, ship building, and banking; helped Mckinley win election of 1896

A

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

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13
Q

Worked in Iron business then into steel after learning Bessemer process; grew Carnegie Steel Company through acquisitions; wrote “Gospel of Wealth” offering belief that wealthy were trustees of money that must be used to benefit society

A

Andrew Carnegie (Late 1800s)

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14
Q

President of American Railway Union in 1893; led successful strikes against the Great Northern Railway and against Pullman Palace Car Company; founder of Social Democratic Party

A

Eugene V. Debs

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15
Q

Only legislation passed to limit immigration of any one group of people; passed in response to the Chinese who settled in California after building the railroads

A

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

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16
Q

Period of NEW INDUSTRIAL ERA; coined by Mark Twain, America emerged as the world’s leading industrial and agricultural producer; profits became increasingly centralized in the hands of fewer people

A

Gilded Age (1870s-1890s)

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17
Q

Combination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours, and safety; rather than revolutionary changes, they sought a better working life

A

American Federation of Labor (AFL, 1886)

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18
Q

Legislation encouraging the breakup of Native American tribes in hopes of assimilating them into American society; distributed Native American reservation lands among individual members of the tribe to set up agricultural system similar to white mans

A

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

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19
Q

Nineteenth President; won election through Compromise of 1877; removed federal troops from South

A

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)

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20
Q

Completed with Golden Spike; marked meeting of Union Pacific and Central Railroads; Union Pacific used Irish labor and Central Pacific used Chinese

A

First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

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21
Q

Modern Navy (1880s)

A

Construction of new steel ships led the US to take the lead in world rankings; US Naval War College established in 1844; repair and coaling stations helped expand the Navy’s effectiveness

22
Q

Case challenged legislation made against RRs; trying to appease the demands of farmers for lower RR rates; Supreme court determined that states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

A

Wabash Case (1886)

23
Q

Written by Alfred Mahan, further encouraged those in favor of American imperialism and seaward expansion; used for partial justification for the US taking Philippines

A

“The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783” (1890)

24
Q

Consisted mostly of farmers, members met in Nebraska wrote their “Omaha Platform”, demands included free and unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, and govt. ownership of phones/telegraph/RR industry

A

Populist Party (1890)

25
Q

Militant organization seeking solutions to labor problems; allowed skilled and unskilled workers to join; wanted an eight-hour day, termination of child labor, equal pay for equal work, and elimination of private banks

A

Knights of Labor (1869)

26
Q

Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana state law that required “separate but equal”; the majority stated that the 14th amendment protected only political equality, not social equality

A

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

27
Q

American journalists, novelists, critics who exposed corruption, especially in business and politics; famous ones include Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Samuel Hopkins Adams; led to support for the progressive movement

A

Muckrakers (1900-1912)

28
Q

Cuba resented Spain’s control, leading to rebellion, US supporting against Spain; sent battleship “Maine” to protect american interests; US fought Spain in Philippines and in Cuba; we receive Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines for $20 million

A

Spanish-American War (1898)

29
Q

Founder of Standard Oil Company; used HORIZONTAL integration, trusts, and rebates to grow his company; focused on philanthropy towards the end of his life

A

John D. Rockefeller (Late 1800s)

30
Q

Economic depression during Grant’s second term; over expansion, unregulated business during the post-Civil War years, failure of American investment banking firms, and economic downturns in Europe all contributed to the panic
Led to retirement of greenbacks and return to gold standard

A

Panic of 1873

31
Q

Twentieth President; his assassination spurred the Pendleton Act

A

James Garfield (1881)

32
Q

In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, giving Puerto Rico limited popular govt.; in 1917, US citizenship was given to Puerto Ricans

A

Puerto Rico and the United States

33
Q

Social, political, and economic reform that came as an American response to problems causes by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration; helped develop 16th, 17th, and 19th amendments

A

Progressivism (1890-1914)

34
Q

Iron and steel workers’ strike against Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh to protest slavery reductions; Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton security guards to protect the plant, but fighting resulted in deaths on both sides

A

Homestead Strike (1892)

35
Q

Established the Interstate Commerce Commission in part to monitor discrimination within the railroad industry; prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates–basically opened competition to equality

A

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

36
Q

Built media empire, including newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and movie studios; his “Yellow Journalism” writing that dealt with sensational news, helped lead the United States into the Spanish-American War

A

William Randolph Hearst

37
Q

Half-Breeds, Stalwarts, and Mugwumps

A

Factions of the Republican Party in the 1880s

  • Half-Breeds; supported civil service reform
  • Stalwarts; opposed civil service reform and supported protected tariff
  • Mugwumps; group left Republican Party to become Democrats; heavily favored civil service reform
38
Q

Twenty-sixth president; party of Rough Rider Regiment during Spanish-American conflict; became a “trust buster” using Sherman Antitrust Act to dissolve trusts; “speak softly and carry a big stick” protecting the US interests by ensuring construction of Panama Canal and authority in Latin America; supported conservation (not preservation)

A

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

39
Q

American novelist from Hannibal, Missouri; writing portray essence of life and speech during the era; his use of distinctly American vernacular influenced future fiction writers

A

Mark Twain

40
Q

Written into the constitution of Cuba by US, making Cuba a US protectorate; US could intervene to preserve Cuba’s “independence”, so we could act to protect our own interests

A

Platt Amendment (1901)

41
Q

Came after disputed presidential election of 1876 between Hayes and Tilden; Tilden wins popular vote, but neither wins electoral vote;
Democrats agree to give Hayes presidency for promise to show consideration for Southern interests, end Reconstruction, aid Southern industrialization, and withdraw forces out of South

A

Compromise of 1877

42
Q

Wall street banker whose company financed RRs, banks, and insurance companies; bought out Carnegie for $400 million; philanthropist

A

J.P. Morgan (Late 1800s)

43
Q

Used his writings to expose issues in need for food inspection laws, and oppressive effect of capitalism on education and culture; “The Jungle” led to food inspection reforms and Meat Inspection Act of 1906

A

Upton Sinclair

44
Q

Theory that wealth was based on survival of the fittest; associated with Charles Darwin’s work; wealthy industrial leaders used doctrines to justify vast differences in classes

A

Social Darwinism (1880s)

45
Q

To aid in cost of Civil War, liquor taxes increased; distillers and treasury officials conspired to defraud the government by giving out cheap tax stamps, robbing the government of millions in excise tax; one of Grants scandals

A

Whiskey Ring Fraud (1870s)

46
Q

Twenty third president; defeated Grover Cleveland, despite receiving fewer popular votes; submitted to the senate a treaty to Annex Hawaii, but president Cleveland late withdrew it

A

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)

47
Q

Large rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago shortly after striking began at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.; police attempted to disperse the crowd when a bomb goes off; used to discredit the Knights of Labor

A

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

48
Q

Twenty-second and twenty-fourth; first democrat elected after Civil War; Signed the Interstate Commerce Act; sent in Federal troops to enforce injunction against striking RR workers in Chicago

A

Grover Cleveland (1885-1889 & 1893-1897)

49
Q

Leaders of large, efficient corporations; often gained wealth through questionable business means; monopolies by these companies led to demands by small businessmen for govt. regulations

A

Captains of Industry or Robber Barons (1880s)

50
Q

American social reformer provided services of the Hull House in Chicago to help poor immigrants settle; member of “Social Gospel” movement

A

Jane Addams

U.S. History (10 decks)

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