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Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 > 24.2 Sleep and Anaesthesia > Flashcards

24.2 Sleep and Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different stages of sleep that can be seen on an EEG?

A

slow wave sleep (I-III) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

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2
Q

Describe the EEG during different stages of sleep.

A
  • Wakefulness
    • Low amplitude, fast waves
  • Stage 1 (Non-rapid eye movement)
    • Slightly larger amplitude, quite fast waves
    • Slow eye movements
  • Stage 2 (Non-rapid eye movement)
    • Larger amplitude waves
    • Includes sleep spindles (bursts of activity) and K-complexes (large waveforms) -> These are characteristic of stage 2 NREM
  • Stage 3 (Non-rapid eye movement)
    • High amplitude, slow waves (1-4Hz)
  • REM (Rapid eye movement)
    • Appears very similar to wakefulness
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3
Q

What can cause a variance in EEG?

A

Varies with age and some diseases (e.g. Schizophrenia) and neurodegenerative diseases.

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4
Q

What is the definition of circadian rhythms?

A

Physical, mental and behavioural changes that follow a 24-hour cycle - primarily in response to light and dark

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5
Q

What are examples of some physiological and biochemical processes that have rise and fall with daily rhythms?

A
  • Body temp
  • Blood flow
  • Urine production
  • Hormone levels
  • Hair growth
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6
Q

Which hormone is the endogenous marker of the biological clock?

A

Melatonin

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7
Q

How does melatonin control the biological clock?

A
  • Light levels affect melatonin production
  • E.g. in low light: SCN in hypothalamus makes more melatonin –> make you more sleepy
  • But in high light levels, less melatonin release –> more awake
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8
Q

Is sleep a passive or active process in the brain?

A

Active, as there are many neurons that fire during sleep

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9
Q

What are the common principles of the diffuse modulatory systems?

A
  • Core of each system has a small set of neurons (several thousand)
  • Neurons arise from central core of brain, mostly from brainstem
  • Each neuron can influence many others - MANY synaptic contacts
  • Transmitters released into ECF (not synaptic cleft) so can diffuse to many neurons rather than being confined
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10
Q

What is the origin of the neurons in the noradrenergic diffuse system?

A

Locus coeruleus (in pons)

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11
Q

What are other typical sleep changes with ageing?

A
  • Delayed onset of sleep
  • Earlier to bed, earlier to rise
  • Reduced slow wave sleep (and reduced REM sleep)
  • Reduced threshold for arousal from sleep
  • Fragmented sleep with multiple arousals
  • More daytime napping
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12
Q

How is sleep different between a baby and an old person? What is a possible explanation?

A
  • Baby - can have 8 hours of REM sleep
    REM sleep duration and number of times it is entered decreases with age
  • Old person - can have only 45 mins of REM sleep

Why?
May be reduction in need for memory consolidation

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13
Q

How can neurodegenerative disorders disrupt sleep?

A
  • Cause excessive daytime sleepiness
  • Cause insomnia
  • More wakeful stages during night
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14
Q

What is the most immediate and obvious consequence of sleep deprivation?

A

Cognitive impairment

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15
Q

What is the general function of sleep?

A

To allow the brain to rest

(exact reason is still unknown)

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16
Q

What are the three main reduced functions with sleep deprivation?

A
  • Vigilance
  • Attention
  • Cognitive functions
17
Q

What does the term neural oscillations refer to?

A

The term “neural oscillations” refers to the rhythmic and/or repetitive electrical activity generated
spontaneously and in response to stimuli by neural tissue in the central nervous system.

18
Q

What are the 2 processes involved in sleep control?

A

*Process S (Homeostatic sleep pressure)
*Pressure C (Circadian rhythm)

19
Q

What drugs can be used to induce sleep or sedation?

A

Benzodiazepines (e.g. temazepam and diazepam)

20
Q

What can induced sleep or sedation be defined in relation to?

A

*Defined in relation to maintenance of verbal contact with a patients, who can still obey commands.

21
Q

What is the SCN?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus

22
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in sleep?

A

It is essential for maintaining sleep-wake cycle. It contains SCN (body’s primary circadian clock) and VLP (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus which promotes sleep by inhibiting wakefulness-promoting regions)

23
Q

What is the role of the basal forebrain in sleep

A

This area is involved in promoting wakefulness and REM sleep through its cholinergic neurons.

24
Q

What is the role of the brainstem in sleep?

A

Contains several nuclei that are critical for maintaining wakefulness and REM sleep. The reticular activating system (RAS) in the brainstem is particularly important for arousal and wakefulness.

25
Q

What is the name of the neuronal systems most critical to sleeping and waking?

A

Diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems

26
Q

What are the common principles of the diffuse modulatory systems?

A
  • Core of each system has a small set of neurons (several thousand)
  • Neurons arise from central core of brain, mostly from brainstem
  • Each neuron can influence many others - MANY synaptic contacts
  • Transmitters released into ECF (not synaptic cleft) so can diffuse to many neurons rather than being confined
27
Q

What are the effects of the noradrenergic diffuse system?

A
  • Arousal - firing in exciting events in wakefulness
  • Reward system
28
Q

What are the three origins of the cholinergic diffuse system?

A
  • Pontomesencephalotegmental complex
  • Basal optic nucleus of Meynert
  • Medial septic nucleus
29
Q

What are the targets of the cholinergic diffuse system?

A
  • Brainstem
  • Neocortex
  • Thalamus
  • Hippocampus
30
Q

What are the effects of the cholinergic diffuse system?

A
  • Arousal
  • Learning, short-term memory
  • Possible important role in cognition - bc one of the first things to be lost in Alzheimer’s
31
Q

What is another name for orexin?

A

Hypocretin

32
Q

What are the origins of the orexin-producing neurons?

A
  • Perifornical area
  • Lateral hypothalamus
33
Q

What are the targets of the orexin neurons?

A
  • Entire cerebral cortex
  • Brainstem
  • Basal forebrain
34
Q

What are the effects of the orexin neurons?

A
  • Excite other diffuse systems: cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic
  • Promote wakefulness, especially motivated behaviours
  • Nutrient-sensitive: detect low glucose –> need to stay awake to find food
35
Q

What is the role of GABA in sleep?

A

Activation of GABA neurons favours sleep
Mainly through inhibiting neurotransmission so that body and mind relax for sleep

Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 (46 decks)

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