18.2.1 Forebrain Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
A
Cerebrum
2
Q
Gray matter
A
Cell bodies
3
Q
White matter
A
Axons
4
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
5
Q
A
Frontal lobe
6
Q
A
Frontal lobe
7
Q
Frontal lobe functions
A
- Conscious movement of the body (M1)
- Reward
- Attention
- STM tasks
- Goals
- Prioritisation
8
Q
Damage to frontal lobe
A
Problems with memory, behavioural changes and reduced ability to plan
9
Q
A
Temporal lobe
10
Q
A
Temporal lobe
11
Q
Temporal lobe functions
A
- Decoding visual and auditory input into meanings for retention
- Language comprehension
12
Q
Damage to temporal lobe
A
- Aphasia
- Reduced hearing
- Memory impairment
13
Q
A
Parietal lobe
14
Q
Functions of the parietal lobe
A
- S1; processing sensory information
- Left side; language, maths, interpreting signals
15
Q
Damage to the parietal lobe
A
- Sensory deficits; numbness, difficulty perceiving/localising input
- Cognitive deficits in attention, problem-solving
16
Q
A
Occipital lobe
17
Q
A
Occipital lobe
18
Q
Occipital lobe functions
A
- Visual processing
19
Q
Damage to occipital lobe GRT
A
Problems with vision
20
Q
A
Insular lobe (insula)
21
Q
A
Insula
22
Q
A
Insula
23
Q
A
Insula
24
Q
Functions of the insula
A
- Taste
- Emotion
- Vestibular
25
Insula
26
Damage to the insular
- Apathy
- Loss of libido
- Inability to tell fresh food from rotten
27
Limbic lobe
28
Gyrus
Ridge on the surface of the brain, increasing its surface area and surrounded by sulci
29
Precentral gyrus
30
In which lobe is the precentral gyrus
Frontal
31
Precentral gyrus function
Primary motor cortex (M1); initiation and control of voluntary motor movements
32
Homunculus of the precentral gyrus
Face laterally and legs/feet medially
33
Lesion to precentral gyrus
Contralateral loss/weakness of voluntary motor function
34
Postcentral gyrus
35
In which lobe is the postcentral gyrus?
Parietal
36
Postcentral gyrus function
Primary somatosensory cortex (S1); processing somatosensory information like touch, pressure, temperature and pain
37
Homunculus of the postcentral gyrus
Face laterally and legs/feet medially
38
Lesion to the postcentral gyrus
Contralateral sensory deficit
39
Hippocampus
40
Hippocampus
41
Yellow
Dentate gyrus
42
In which lobe is the dentate gyrus?
Temporal
43
Gyrus capable of neurogenesis
Dentate gyrus
44
Dentate gyrus functions
- Formation of new memories
- Pattern separation
45
Lesions of the dentate gyrus
- Memory deficits
46
Orange
Parahippocampal gyrus
47
In which lobe is the parahippocampal gyrus?
Limbic/medial temporal
48
11
Parahippocampal gyrus
49
Parahippocampal gyrus
50
Blue
Uncus of parahippocampal gyrus
51
Lesion to the parahippocampal gyrus
Deficits in memory and spatial navigation
52
Cingulate gyrus
53
Structure 4
Cingulate gyrus
54
Which structures project to the cingulate gyrus? (2)
- Hippocampus
- Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus
55
In which lobe is the cingulate gyrus?
Limbic
56
Cingulate gyrus functions
- Emotional processing
- Pain perception
57
In which lobe is the superior temporal gyrus?
Temporal
58
Superior temporal gyrus function
- Primary auditory cortex
- Speech (Wernicke's area)
59
Superior temporal gyrus
60
Concerning the cerebral cortex and its connections, what function is associated with the superior temporal gyrus?
Speech
61
Lesion of left superior temporal gyrus
- Receptive aphasia
- Deficit in processing sound
62
Orbitofrontal gyrus
63
Orbitofrontal gyrus functions
- Decision making
- Emotional processing
- Social behaviour
64
Lesions to orbitofrontal gyrus
Impulsivity, inappropriate social behaviour and difficulty regulating emotions
65
Wernicke's area
66
Effects of a lesion to Wernicke's area
Receptive (sensory) aphasia
67
Function associated with Wernicke's area
Language comprehension
68
Broca's area
69
Effects of a lesion to Broca's area
Motor/expressive aphasia
70
Function associated with Broca's area
Speech production
71
Primary visual cortex (V1)
72
Site of V1
Banks of post-calcarine sulcus
73
3
Primary visual cortex (V1)
74
3
Primary visual cortex (V1)
75
Sulcus
Ridge between gyri
76
Longitudinal sulcus
77
Longitudinal sulcus divides
Two cerebral hemispheres along the saggital plane
78
Central sulcus
79
Central sulcus divides
- Frontal and parietal lobes
- M1 and S1
80
Lateral sulcus
81
Lateral sulcus divides
Frontal and temporal lobes
82
Parieto-occipital sulcus
83
Calcarine sulcus
84
Calcarine sulcus divides
Occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
85
Cingulate sulcus
86
Cingulate sulcus divides
Frontal and parietal lobes from cingulate gyrus
87
Tract
Bundle of axons grouped together with similar origin, destination and function
88
3 main tracts of forebrain
- Internal capsule
- Optic radiations
- Cerebral peduncles
89
Internal capsule
90
Internal capsule
91
5 and 6 show
Anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule
92
5 shows
Internal capsule
93
Internal capsule fibres run where
Ascending and descending fibres running between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem/spinal cord
94
Origin of internal capsule fibres
Cerebral cortex
95
Destination of internal capsule fibres
Brainstem
96
Which structure contains fibres that connect the thalamus directly to the cerebral cortex?
Internal capsule
97
Posterior limb of internal capsule - lesion
Contralateral motor/sensory deficits:
- Increased muscle tone
- Exaggerated reflexes
- Spacsticity
- Babinski sign present
98
Posterior limb of the internal capsule - functions
Connects thalamus and sensory/motor cortices; involved in transmission of sensory and motor information between brainstem and cerebral cortex
99
Anterior limb of internal capsule - functions
Connects thalamus and frontal lobe (inc. prefrontal cortex); functions related to executive control, attention and emotion
100
Anterior limb of internal capsule - lesion
Cognitive/emotional deficits
101
5 shows
Optic radiations
102
Fibres highlighted in green are
Optic radiations
103
Region highlighted green is
Optic radiations
104
Arrow 4 points to
Optic radiations
105
Optic radiations origin
Lateral geniculate nucleus
106
Optic radiations
Transmission of visual information from the thalamus to the visual cortex
107
Optic radiations destination
Visual cortex (occipital lobe)
108
Optic radiations - lesion
Visual field deficits/blindness in contralateral visual field
109
Cerebral peduncles
110
B shows
Cerebral peduncles
111
6 is
Cerebral peduncles
112
11 is
Cerebral peduncles
113
Cerebral peduncles run to/from
Ascending and descending fibres between the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
114
Cerebral peduncles carry info relating to what
Sensory/motor info
115
Cerebral peduncles lesion
Contralateral motor/sensory deficit including hemiparesis/hemiplegia, spasticity and ataxia
116
Commissure
Connection between hemispheres
117
2 major commissures in the brain
- Corpus callosum
- Anterior commissure
118
Corpus callosum
119
Corpus callosum
120
Corpus callosum
121
4 shows
Corpus callosum
122
5 shows
Corpus callosum
123
1 shows
Corpus callosum
124
4 and 6 show
Corpus callosum
125
Corpus callosum connects
Two cerebral hemispheres
126
Functions of corpus callosum
Integration; motor coordination, sensory integration and cognitive processing
127
Difficulty with fine motor coordination, impaired sensory integration, cognitive deficits
Corpus callosum lesion
128
Which vessel follows the curvature of the corpus callosum?
Anterior cerebral artery
129
Anterior commissure
130
3 shows
Anterior commissure
131
3 shows
Anterior commissure
132
6 shows
Anterior commissure
133
Anterior commissure connects
Temporal lobes
134
Anterior commissure lesion
Deficits in the processing of olfactory info and visual/auditory info
135
Anterior commissure fibres function to
Carry olfactory information and integrate visual/auditory information
136
This gorg schematic shows
Basal ganglia
137
Basal ganglia
Group of subcortical structures found deep in the white matter of the brain; form part of the extrapyramidal motor system
138
Describe the role of the basal ganglia in one adjective
Inhibitory
139
Component nuclei of the basal ganglia
- Striatum
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra
140
Structure highlighted green
Head of caudate nucleus
141
Structure highlighted green
Body of caudate nucleus
142
Structure highlighted green
Tail of caudate nucleus
143
1 shows
Head of caudate nucleus
144
2 shows
Head of caudate nucleus
145
4 shows
Head of caudate nucleus
146
Structure highlighted green
Putamen
147
5 shows
Putamen
148
1 shows
Putamen
149
2 shows
Putamen
150
Striatum components (4)
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Nucleus accumbens
- Olfactory tubercle
151
Main function of nucleus accumbens
Reward system; addiction, feelings
152
Nucleus accumbens has strong connections to which pathway
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway of the ventral segmental area
153
Structure highlighted green
Olfactory tubercle
154
Structure highlighted green
Nucleus accumbens
155
Ventral striatum is composed of
Nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle
156
Ventral striatum is considered to be part of which brain system
Limbic system
157
Dorsal striatum is composed of
Caudate nucleus and putamen
158
Striatum is part of which lobe
Insular lobe
159
Fibres of which forebrain tract run through the striatum, separating the putamen and caudate nucleus and giving the structure its striped appearance
Internal capsule
160
Striatum + Globus pallidus =
Corpus striatum
161
The striatum receives what from where
Excitatory glutamatergic inputs from the cerebral cortex
162
Body of caudate nucleus arches over which structure
Thalamus
163
Where does the caudate nucleus terminate?
Amygdala
164
The rostral potion of the caudate nucleus is continuous with which structure
Putamen
165
Caudate nucleus functions
Integration of sensory information about spatial position of body; fine tunes motor response to stimuli accordingly (motor planning)
166
A 35-year-old man visits his physician because he had been experiencing sporadic involuntary movements and was becoming increasingly uncoordinated. Genetic testing revealed that the man had Huntington's disease, an autosomal dominant disease caused by a loss of GABA-ergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Which of the following structures is most affected by this disease?
A. Caudate nucleus/putamen
B. Globus pallidus
C. Substantia nigra
D. Subthalamic nucleus
E. Thalamus
A - Caudate nucleus/putamen
167
Caudate nucleus transmits information where
Thalamus
168
Putamen lies laterally to which structure
Globus pallidus
169
Putamen lies medially to which structure
External capsule
170
Putamen and globus pallidus Aare separated by what
Medial medullary lamina
171
Function of putamen
Regulation of motor functions
172
2 shows
Globus pallidus
173
3 shows
Globus pallidus
174
Globus pallidus components
Internal (GPi) and external (GPe)
175
Globus pallidus is divided by what
Internal medial medullary lamina
176
Globus pallidus is separated from the inferior thalamus by which structure
Subthalamuc nucleus
177
Lenticular nucleus is composed of
Putamen and globus pallidus
178
Globus pallidus receives inhibitory GABAergic input from where
Striatum
179
Globus pallidus transmits fibres to where
Thalamic nuclei
180
Function of globus pallidus
Fine tuning movement
181
Lesion of globus pallidus may
Chorea; excessive and involuntary movements
182
Structure highlighted green
Subthalamic nucleus
183
Structure highlighted green
Substantia nigra
184
6 shows
Substantia nigra
185
5 shows
Thalamus
186
Substantia nigra is a collection of what
Dopaminergic neurons
187
Dorsal portion of the substantia nigra
Pars compacta
188
Ventral portion of substantia nigra
Pars reticulata
189
Melanin-containing neurons that give the substantia nigra its characteristic dark colour can be found in which part of the structure
Pars compacta
190
Output of substantia nigra arises where
Pars compacta
191
Input of substantia nigra is to where
Pars reticulata
192
Pars compact gives output to
Striatum
193
Death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is characteristic of what disease
Parkinson's
194
Substantia nigra receives input from where
Subthalamic nucleus
195
Lesion to the substantia nigra may
- Tremors
- Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Difficulty initiating movement
196
Major efferents of the basal ganglia (2)
Neurons projecting to the thalamus and brainstem from the GPi and pars reticula of the substantia nigra
197
Major afferents to the basal ganglia (4)
- Corticostriatal pathway (from cerebral cortex)
- Nigrostriatal (from substantia nigra)
- Thalamostriatal (from thalamus)
- Reticular formation
198
"Input nuclei" of basal ganglia
Striatum and subthalamic nucleus
199
"Output nuclei" of basal ganglia
Internal globus pallidus and pars reticulata of substantia nigra
200
"Modulatory nucleus" of basal ganglia
Pars compacta of substantia nigra
201
"Connecting nucleus" of the basal ganglia
External part of the globus pallidus; connects input nuclei to output
202
Structure highlighted green
Thalamus
203
Thalamus
204
Substantia nigra components
Pars compact and pars reticulata
205
4 shows
Thalamus
206
Thalamus
207
1
Thalamus
208
1
Thalamus
209
2
Thalamus
210
Which structure shows the thalamus?
6
211
1 shows
Pulvinar of the thalamus
212
Thalamus function
Relay and integrate motor and sensory impulses between higher centres of brain and periphery
213
Thalamus receives information about which senses
All but olfaction
214
6 shows
Hypothalamus
215
Which structure is the hypothalamus?
12
216
7 shows
Hypothalamus
217
Mammillary bodies
218
2 shows
Mammillary body
219
Mammillary bodies are found on the inferior surface of which structure
Hypothalamus
220
Mammillary bodies are a part of which system
Limbic
221
Role of mammillary bodies
Memory and spacial navigation
222
Pineal gland
223
2 shows
Pineal gland
224
Pineal gland is which number
2
225
Pineal gland produces what
Melatonin
226
Pineal gland is also known as
Epiphysis
227
The pituitary gland lies in which bone
Hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone
228
Pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by which structure
Infundibular stalk
229
2 shows
Pituitary gland
230
8 shows
Pituitary gland
231
Structure highlighted green
Amygdala
232
3
Amygdala
233
Where in the brain is the amygdala located?
In the medial temporal lobe, anterior to the hippocampus
234
Functions associated with the amygdala
Fear response, hunger and eating behaviours, cardiorespiratory functions
235
Lesion of the amygdala
- Lack of visual recognition
- Excessive reactions to visual stimuli
- Reduced fear/aggression
- Eating abnormal amounts when not hungry
- Amnesia/aphasia
236
Major connections of amygdala
Afferents include: Thalamus, sensory cortices, hippocampus
Efferents include: hypothalamus, brainstem, prefrontal cortex
