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Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 > 18.2.1 Forebrain Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

18.2.1 Forebrain Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q
A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies

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3
Q

White matter

A

Axons

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4
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

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5
Q
A

Frontal lobe

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6
Q
A

Frontal lobe

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7
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A
  • Conscious movement of the body (M1)
  • Reward
  • Attention
  • STM tasks
  • Goals
  • Prioritisation
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8
Q

Damage to frontal lobe

A

Problems with memory, behavioural changes and reduced ability to plan

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9
Q
A

Temporal lobe

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10
Q
A

Temporal lobe

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11
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A
  • Decoding visual and auditory input into meanings for retention
  • Language comprehension
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12
Q

Damage to temporal lobe

A
  • Aphasia
  • Reduced hearing
  • Memory impairment
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13
Q
A

Parietal lobe

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14
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe

A
  • S1; processing sensory information
  • Left side; language, maths, interpreting signals
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15
Q

Damage to the parietal lobe

A
  • Sensory deficits; numbness, difficulty perceiving/localising input
  • Cognitive deficits in attention, problem-solving
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16
Q
A

Occipital lobe

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17
Q
A

Occipital lobe

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18
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A
  • Visual processing
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19
Q

Damage to occipital lobe GRT

A

Problems with vision

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20
Q
A

Insular lobe (insula)

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21
Q
A

Insula

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22
Q
A

Insula

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23
Q
A

Insula

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24
Q

Functions of the insula

A
  • Taste
  • Emotion
  • Vestibular
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25
Q
A

Insula

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26
Q

Damage to the insular

A
  • Apathy
  • Loss of libido
  • Inability to tell fresh food from rotten
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27
Q
A

Limbic lobe

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28
Q

Gyrus

A

Ridge on the surface of the brain, increasing its surface area and surrounded by sulci

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29
Q
A

Precentral gyrus

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30
Q

In which lobe is the precentral gyrus

A

Frontal

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31
Q

Precentral gyrus function

A

Primary motor cortex (M1); initiation and control of voluntary motor movements

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32
Q

Homunculus of the precentral gyrus

A

Face laterally and legs/feet medially

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33
Q

Lesion to precentral gyrus

A

Contralateral loss/weakness of voluntary motor function

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34
Q
A

Postcentral gyrus

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35
Q

In which lobe is the postcentral gyrus?

A

Parietal

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36
Q

Postcentral gyrus function

A

Primary somatosensory cortex (S1); processing somatosensory information like touch, pressure, temperature and pain

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37
Q

Homunculus of the postcentral gyrus

A

Face laterally and legs/feet medially

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38
Q

Lesion to the postcentral gyrus

A

Contralateral sensory deficit

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39
Q
A

Hippocampus

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40
Q
A

Hippocampus

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41
Q

Yellow

A

Dentate gyrus

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42
Q

In which lobe is the dentate gyrus?

A

Temporal

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43
Q

Gyrus capable of neurogenesis

A

Dentate gyrus

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44
Q

Dentate gyrus functions

A
  • Formation of new memories
  • Pattern separation
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45
Q

Lesions of the dentate gyrus

A
  • Memory deficits
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46
Q

Orange

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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47
Q

In which lobe is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Limbic/medial temporal

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48
Q

11

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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49
Q
A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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50
Q

Blue

A

Uncus of parahippocampal gyrus

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51
Q

Lesion to the parahippocampal gyrus

A

Deficits in memory and spatial navigation

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52
Q
A

Cingulate gyrus

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53
Q

Structure 4

A

Cingulate gyrus

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54
Q

Which structures project to the cingulate gyrus? (2)

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus
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55
Q

In which lobe is the cingulate gyrus?

A

Limbic

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56
Q

Cingulate gyrus functions

A
  • Emotional processing
  • Pain perception
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57
Q

In which lobe is the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Temporal

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58
Q

Superior temporal gyrus function

A
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Speech (Wernicke’s area)
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59
Q
A

Superior temporal gyrus

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60
Q

Concerning the cerebral cortex and its connections, what function is associated with the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Speech

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61
Q

Lesion of left superior temporal gyrus

A
  • Receptive aphasia
  • Deficit in processing sound
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62
Q
A

Orbitofrontal gyrus

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63
Q

Orbitofrontal gyrus functions

A
  • Decision making
  • Emotional processing
  • Social behaviour
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64
Q

Lesions to orbitofrontal gyrus

A

Impulsivity, inappropriate social behaviour and difficulty regulating emotions

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65
Q
A

Wernicke’s area

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66
Q

Effects of a lesion to Wernicke’s area

A

Receptive (sensory) aphasia

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67
Q

Function associated with Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension

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68
Q
A

Broca’s area

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69
Q

Effects of a lesion to Broca’s area

A

Motor/expressive aphasia

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70
Q

Function associated with Broca’s area

A

Speech production

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71
Q
A

Primary visual cortex (V1)

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72
Q

Site of V1

A

Banks of post-calcarine sulcus

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73
Q

3

A

Primary visual cortex (V1)

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74
Q

3

A

Primary visual cortex (V1)

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75
Q

Sulcus

A

Ridge between gyri

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76
Q
A

Longitudinal sulcus

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77
Q

Longitudinal sulcus divides

A

Two cerebral hemispheres along the saggital plane

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78
Q
A

Central sulcus

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79
Q

Central sulcus divides

A
  • Frontal and parietal lobes
  • M1 and S1
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80
Q
A

Lateral sulcus

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81
Q

Lateral sulcus divides

A

Frontal and temporal lobes

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82
Q
A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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83
Q
A

Calcarine sulcus

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84
Q

Calcarine sulcus divides

A

Occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves

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85
Q
A

Cingulate sulcus

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86
Q

Cingulate sulcus divides

A

Frontal and parietal lobes from cingulate gyrus

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87
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of axons grouped together with similar origin, destination and function

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88
Q

3 main tracts of forebrain

A
  • Internal capsule
  • Optic radiations
  • Cerebral peduncles
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89
Q
A

Internal capsule

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90
Q
A

Internal capsule

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91
Q

5 and 6 show

A

Anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule

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92
Q

5 shows

A

Internal capsule

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93
Q

Internal capsule fibres run where

A

Ascending and descending fibres running between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem/spinal cord

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94
Q

Origin of internal capsule fibres

A

Cerebral cortex

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95
Q

Destination of internal capsule fibres

A

Brainstem

96
Q

Which structure contains fibres that connect the thalamus directly to the cerebral cortex?

A

Internal capsule

97
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule - lesion

A

Contralateral motor/sensory deficits:

  • Increased muscle tone
  • Exaggerated reflexes
  • Spacsticity
  • Babinski sign present
98
Q

Posterior limb of the internal capsule - functions

A

Connects thalamus and sensory/motor cortices; involved in transmission of sensory and motor information between brainstem and cerebral cortex

99
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule - functions

A

Connects thalamus and frontal lobe (inc. prefrontal cortex); functions related to executive control, attention and emotion

100
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule - lesion

A

Cognitive/emotional deficits

101
Q

5 shows

A

Optic radiations

102
Q

Fibres highlighted in green are

A

Optic radiations

103
Q

Region highlighted green is

A

Optic radiations

104
Q

Arrow 4 points to

A

Optic radiations

105
Q

Optic radiations origin

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

106
Q

Optic radiations

A

Transmission of visual information from the thalamus to the visual cortex

107
Q

Optic radiations destination

A

Visual cortex (occipital lobe)

108
Q

Optic radiations - lesion

A

Visual field deficits/blindness in contralateral visual field

109
Q
A

Cerebral peduncles

110
Q

B shows

A

Cerebral peduncles

111
Q

6 is

A

Cerebral peduncles

112
Q

11 is

A

Cerebral peduncles

113
Q

Cerebral peduncles run to/from

A

Ascending and descending fibres between the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres

114
Q

Cerebral peduncles carry info relating to what

A

Sensory/motor info

115
Q

Cerebral peduncles lesion

A

Contralateral motor/sensory deficit including hemiparesis/hemiplegia, spasticity and ataxia

116
Q

Commissure

A

Connection between hemispheres

117
Q

2 major commissures in the brain

A
  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commissure
118
Q
A

Corpus callosum

119
Q
A

Corpus callosum

120
Q
A

Corpus callosum

121
Q

4 shows

A

Corpus callosum

122
Q

5 shows

A

Corpus callosum

123
Q

1 shows

A

Corpus callosum

124
Q

4 and 6 show

A

Corpus callosum

125
Q

Corpus callosum connects

A

Two cerebral hemispheres

126
Q

Functions of corpus callosum

A

Integration; motor coordination, sensory integration and cognitive processing

127
Q

Difficulty with fine motor coordination, impaired sensory integration, cognitive deficits

A

Corpus callosum lesion

128
Q

Which vessel follows the curvature of the corpus callosum?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

129
Q
A

Anterior commissure

130
Q

3 shows

A

Anterior commissure

131
Q

3 shows

A

Anterior commissure

132
Q

6 shows

A

Anterior commissure

133
Q

Anterior commissure connects

A

Temporal lobes

134
Q

Anterior commissure lesion

A

Deficits in the processing of olfactory info and visual/auditory info

135
Q

Anterior commissure fibres function to

A

Carry olfactory information and integrate visual/auditory information

136
Q

This gorg schematic shows

A

Basal ganglia

137
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Group of subcortical structures found deep in the white matter of the brain; form part of the extrapyramidal motor system

138
Q

Describe the role of the basal ganglia in one adjective

A

Inhibitory

139
Q

Component nuclei of the basal ganglia

A
  • Striatum
  • Globus pallidus
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
140
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Head of caudate nucleus

141
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Body of caudate nucleus

142
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Tail of caudate nucleus

143
Q

1 shows

A

Head of caudate nucleus

144
Q

2 shows

A

Head of caudate nucleus

145
Q

4 shows

A

Head of caudate nucleus

146
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Putamen

147
Q

5 shows

A

Putamen

148
Q

1 shows

A

Putamen

149
Q

2 shows

A

Putamen

150
Q

Striatum components (4)

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Nucleus accumbens
  • Olfactory tubercle
151
Q

Main function of nucleus accumbens

A

Reward system; addiction, feelings

152
Q

Nucleus accumbens has strong connections to which pathway

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway of the ventral segmental area

153
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Olfactory tubercle

154
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Nucleus accumbens

155
Q

Ventral striatum is composed of

A

Nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle

156
Q

Ventral striatum is considered to be part of which brain system

A

Limbic system

157
Q

Dorsal striatum is composed of

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

158
Q

Striatum is part of which lobe

A

Insular lobe

159
Q

Fibres of which forebrain tract run through the striatum, separating the putamen and caudate nucleus and giving the structure its striped appearance

A

Internal capsule

160
Q

Striatum + Globus pallidus =

A

Corpus striatum

161
Q

The striatum receives what from where

A

Excitatory glutamatergic inputs from the cerebral cortex

162
Q

Body of caudate nucleus arches over which structure

A

Thalamus

163
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus terminate?

A

Amygdala

164
Q

The rostral potion of the caudate nucleus is continuous with which structure

A

Putamen

165
Q

Caudate nucleus functions

A

Integration of sensory information about spatial position of body; fine tunes motor response to stimuli accordingly (motor planning)

166
Q

A 35-year-old man visits his physician because he had been experiencing sporadic involuntary movements and was becoming increasingly uncoordinated. Genetic testing revealed that the man had Huntington’s disease, an autosomal dominant disease caused by a loss of GABA-ergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Which of the following structures is most affected by this disease?

A. Caudate nucleus/putamen
B. Globus pallidus
C. Substantia nigra
D. Subthalamic nucleus
E. Thalamus

A

A - Caudate nucleus/putamen

167
Q

Caudate nucleus transmits information where

A

Thalamus

168
Q

Putamen lies laterally to which structure

A

Globus pallidus

169
Q

Putamen lies medially to which structure

A

External capsule

170
Q

Putamen and globus pallidus Aare separated by what

A

Medial medullary lamina

171
Q

Function of putamen

A

Regulation of motor functions

172
Q

2 shows

A

Globus pallidus

173
Q

3 shows

A

Globus pallidus

174
Q

Globus pallidus components

A

Internal (GPi) and external (GPe)

175
Q

Globus pallidus is divided by what

A

Internal medial medullary lamina

176
Q

Globus pallidus is separated from the inferior thalamus by which structure

A

Subthalamuc nucleus

177
Q

Lenticular nucleus is composed of

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

178
Q

Globus pallidus receives inhibitory GABAergic input from where

A

Striatum

179
Q

Globus pallidus transmits fibres to where

A

Thalamic nuclei

180
Q

Function of globus pallidus

A

Fine tuning movement

181
Q

Lesion of globus pallidus may

A

Chorea; excessive and involuntary movements

182
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Subthalamic nucleus

183
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Substantia nigra

184
Q

6 shows

A

Substantia nigra

185
Q

5 shows

A

Thalamus

186
Q

Substantia nigra is a collection of what

A

Dopaminergic neurons

187
Q

Dorsal portion of the substantia nigra

A

Pars compacta

188
Q

Ventral portion of substantia nigra

A

Pars reticulata

189
Q

Melanin-containing neurons that give the substantia nigra its characteristic dark colour can be found in which part of the structure

A

Pars compacta

190
Q

Output of substantia nigra arises where

A

Pars compacta

191
Q

Input of substantia nigra is to where

A

Pars reticulata

192
Q

Pars compact gives output to

A

Striatum

193
Q

Death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is characteristic of what disease

A

Parkinson’s

194
Q

Substantia nigra receives input from where

A

Subthalamic nucleus

195
Q

Lesion to the substantia nigra may

A
  • Tremors
  • Rigidity
  • Bradykinesia
  • Difficulty initiating movement
196
Q

Major efferents of the basal ganglia (2)

A

Neurons projecting to the thalamus and brainstem from the GPi and pars reticula of the substantia nigra

197
Q

Major afferents to the basal ganglia (4)

A
  • Corticostriatal pathway (from cerebral cortex)
  • Nigrostriatal (from substantia nigra)
  • Thalamostriatal (from thalamus)
  • Reticular formation
198
Q

“Input nuclei” of basal ganglia

A

Striatum and subthalamic nucleus

199
Q

“Output nuclei” of basal ganglia

A

Internal globus pallidus and pars reticulata of substantia nigra

200
Q

“Modulatory nucleus” of basal ganglia

A

Pars compacta of substantia nigra

201
Q

“Connecting nucleus” of the basal ganglia

A

External part of the globus pallidus; connects input nuclei to output

202
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Thalamus

203
Q
A

Thalamus

204
Q

Substantia nigra components

A

Pars compact and pars reticulata

205
Q

4 shows

A

Thalamus

206
Q
A

Thalamus

207
Q

1

A

Thalamus

208
Q

1

A

Thalamus

209
Q

2

A

Thalamus

210
Q

Which structure shows the thalamus?

A

6

211
Q

1 shows

A

Pulvinar of the thalamus

212
Q

Thalamus function

A

Relay and integrate motor and sensory impulses between higher centres of brain and periphery

213
Q

Thalamus receives information about which senses

A

All but olfaction

214
Q

6 shows

A

Hypothalamus

215
Q

Which structure is the hypothalamus?

A

12

216
Q

7 shows

A

Hypothalamus

217
Q
A

Mammillary bodies

218
Q

2 shows

A

Mammillary body

219
Q

Mammillary bodies are found on the inferior surface of which structure

A

Hypothalamus

220
Q

Mammillary bodies are a part of which system

A

Limbic

221
Q

Role of mammillary bodies

A

Memory and spacial navigation

222
Q
A

Pineal gland

223
Q

2 shows

A

Pineal gland

224
Q

Pineal gland is which number

A

2

225
Q

Pineal gland produces what

A

Melatonin

226
Q

Pineal gland is also known as

A

Epiphysis

227
Q

The pituitary gland lies in which bone

A

Hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone

228
Q

Pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by which structure

A

Infundibular stalk

229
Q

2 shows

A

Pituitary gland

230
Q

8 shows

A

Pituitary gland

231
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Amygdala

232
Q

3

A

Amygdala

233
Q

Where in the brain is the amygdala located?

A

In the medial temporal lobe, anterior to the hippocampus

234
Q

Functions associated with the amygdala

A

Fear response, hunger and eating behaviours, cardiorespiratory functions

235
Q

Lesion of the amygdala

A
  • Lack of visual recognition
  • Excessive reactions to visual stimuli
  • Reduced fear/aggression
  • Eating abnormal amounts when not hungry
  • Amnesia/aphasia
236
Q

Major connections of amygdala

A

Afferents include: Thalamus, sensory cortices, hippocampus
Efferents include: hypothalamus, brainstem, prefrontal cortex

Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 (46 decks)

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