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Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 > 16.5.2 Orbit and Eye > Flashcards

16.5.2 Orbit and Eye Flashcards

1
Q

A

A

Ciliary body

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2
Q

B

A

Iris

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3
Q

C

A

Lens

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4
Q

D

A

Aqueous humour

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5
Q

E

A

Cornea

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6
Q

F

A

Canal of Schlemm

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7
Q

G

A

Conjunctiva

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8
Q

H

A

Fovea

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9
Q

I

A

Optic disk

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10
Q

J

A

Sclera

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11
Q

K

A

Choroid

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12
Q

L

A

Retina

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13
Q

M

A

Macula

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14
Q

N

A

Vitreous humor

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15
Q

Main function of ciliary body

A

Produce aqueous humor

Active accommodation

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16
Q

Main function of optic disc

A

Point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye (blindspot)

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17
Q

Main function of cornea

A

Refract light

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18
Q

Main function of sclera

A

Protect inner contents of the eye from mechanical trauma

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19
Q

What is the afferent nerve involved in the corneal (blink) reflex?

A

Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal (V1)

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20
Q

What is the efferent nerve involved in the corneal (blink) reflex?

A

Facial (VII) to the orbicularis oculi

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21
Q

Where would the lesion most likely be in a patient presenting with bitemporal hemianopsia (the temporal halves of both visual fields are blind)?

A

Optic chiasm

(X-shaped structure at the base of the brain where two optic nerves meet and cross. Fibres carrying information from the nasal/medial halves of each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain, while fibres carrying information from the temporal/lateral halves of each retina continue on the same side)

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22
Q

What would be the consequence on the visual field in patients with lesions of the optic nerve?

A

Complete bilateral loss of vision

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23
Q

For the pupillary light reflex, name the afferent nerve

A

Optic nerve (II)

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24
Q

For the pupillary light reflex, name the efferent nerve

A

Parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve (III)

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25
Q

For the pupillary light reflex, name the muscle supplied by the efferent nerve

A

Sphincter pupillae

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26
Q

Which muscles control convergence of the eyes?

A

Medial rectus

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27
Q

What is the action of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Rotates the top of the eye towards the nose (intorsion)

Moves the eye downwards (depression)

Moves the eye outwards (abduction)

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28
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

A

Abducens (VI)

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29
Q

A

A

Canal of Schlemm

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30
Q

B

A

Ciliary body

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31
Q

C

A

Cornea

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32
Q

D

A

Iris

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33
Q

T/F - Structure A drains aqueous humor back to the circulatory system

A

True

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34
Q

T/F - Structure B contains striated muscle

A

False

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35
Q

T/F - Structure C is optically transparent

A

True

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36
Q

T/F - Radially arranged smooth muscle in structure D contracts in response to sympathetic stimulatio

A

True

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37
Q

T/F - Structure B connects to the lens via suspensory fibres

A

True

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38
Q

Glaucoma is caused by

A

Increased intraocular pressure due to reduced drainage of the vitreous humor via the trabecular network and the canal of Schlemm

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39
Q

What movements of the front of the eye or the eyelid would be caused by the medial rectus acting alone?

A

Adduction

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40
Q

What movements of the front of the eye or the eyelid would be caused by the superior oblique acting alone?

A

Rotates the top of the eye towards the nose (intorsion)

Moves the eye downwards (depression)

Moves the eye outwards (abduction)

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41
Q

What movements of the front of the eye or the eyelid would be caused by the Inferior oblique acting alone?

A

Rotates the top of the eye away from the nose (extorsion)

Moves the eye upwards (elevation)

Moves the eye outwards (abduction)

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42
Q

What movements of the front of the eye or the eyelid would be caused by the ciliary body acting alone?

A

Accommodation reflex

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43
Q

Using the diagram, select the structure involved in the drainage of aqueous humor

A

L

(Canal of Schlemm)

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44
Q

Using the diagram, select the structure involved in actively controlling the accommodation

A

D

(Ciliary body)

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45
Q

Using the diagram, select the posterior chamber of the eye

A

B

(Vitreous humor)

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46
Q

What is the cause of papilloedema?

A

Increased intracranial pressure causing the optic disc to swell.

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47
Q

What is this?

A

Papilloedema

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48
Q

The cranial nerve supplying parasympathetic fibres to the pupillary constrictor muscle

A

Oculomotor (III)

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49
Q

Using the diagram, select the structure that provides the greatest focusing power for the information of the retinal image

A

I

(Cornea)

50
Q

Concerning the normal pupillary light reflex, when one eye is illuminated…

A

Both pupils should constrict (consensual response)

51
Q

Concerning the normal pupillary light reflex, the afferent nerve of the reflex is

A

Optic (II)

52
Q

Concerning the normal pupillary light reflex, the efferent nerve of the reflex is

A

Oculomotor (III)

53
Q

Papilloedema is characterised by

A

Blurred optic disk and swollen blood vessels seen on ophthalmic examination

54
Q

Which cranial nerve carries the autonomic fibres which stimulate lacrimation?

A

CNVII (facial nerve)

55
Q

What effect would stimulation of the oculomotor nerve have on the pupil?

A

Constriction of the pupil (pupillary light reflex)

56
Q

Identify the function of the structure indicated by 3

A

Focusing of light onto the retina

(Ciliary body)

57
Q

Identify the structure indicated by 2

A

Canal of Schlemm

58
Q

Which nerves control the muscle found in the structure indicated 3?

A

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

59
Q

What material is found in the region indicated by 4?

A

Aqueous humor

(Anterior chamber)

60
Q

What consequence would occur as a result of a blockage in the structure 2?

A

Raised intraocular pressure

(Eventually glaucoma)

61
Q

Which nerve supplies preganglionic, efferent innervation for the lacrimal gland?

  • Abducens
  • Facial
  • Oculomotor
  • Trigeminal
  • Trochlear
A

Facial (parasympathetic)

62
Q

What is the afferent for the lacrimation reflex?

A

Ophthalmic trigeminal

63
Q

Where does the superior oblique muscle attach to the eyeball?

  • Lateral aspect of the anterior sclera
  • Lateral aspect of the posterior sclera
  • Medial aspect of the posterior sclera
  • Medial aspect of the anterior sclera
  • Superior aspect of the anterior sclera
A

Lateral aspect of the posterior sclera

64
Q

Extraocular muscles

A
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Lateral rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Superior oblique
  • Inferior oblique
65
Q
A

Superior rectus

66
Q
A

Inferior rectus

67
Q
A

Medial rectus

68
Q
A

Lateral rectus

69
Q
A

Superior oblique

70
Q
A

Inferior oblique

71
Q

Extraocular muscles supplies by CNIII (oculomotor)

A
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Inferior oblique
72
Q

Extraocular muscles supplied by CNIV (trochlear)

A
  • Superior oblique
73
Q

Extraocular muscles supplied by CNVI (abducens)

A
  • Lateral rectus
74
Q

Superior oblique movement

A

Rotates the top of the eye towards the nose (intorsion)

Moves the eye downwards (depression)

Moves the eye outwards (abduction)

75
Q

Inferior oblique movement

A

Rotates the top of the eye away from the nose (extorsion)

Moves the eye upwards (elevation)

Moves the eye outwards (abduction)

76
Q

Which nerve/muscle is damaged in the right eye?

A

Oculomotor nerve (III)

77
Q

Which nerve/muscle is damaged in the left eye?

A

Trochlear nerve (IV)

78
Q

Which muscle is paralysed? Which side?

A

Left lateral rectus

79
Q

Which nerve supplies the paralysed muscle?

A

Abducens (VI) nerve

80
Q

What symptom would the man notice?

A

Diplopia while looking left

81
Q

1

A

Pretectal nucleus

82
Q

2

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

83
Q

3

A

Oculomotor nerve (III)

84
Q

4

A

Optic nerve (II)

85
Q

5

A

Ciliary ganglion

86
Q

6

A

Short ciliary nerve

87
Q

7

A

Sphincter pupillae muscle

88
Q

Afferent component of pupillary light reflex

A

Optic nerve (II)

89
Q

Efferent component of pupillary light reflex

A

Oculomotor nerve (III)

90
Q

The site of termination of afferent nerves in the pupillary light reflex

A

Pretectal nucleus

91
Q

The nucleus of origin of the efferent nerves in the pupillary light reflex

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

92
Q

Axons from the pretectal nucleus project to the contralateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus via

A

The posterior commissure

93
Q

When one eye is illuminated, what should happen due to the pupillary light reflex

A

Both pupils constrict

94
Q

Which nerve(s) is damaged in this case?

A

Efferent pathway of left eye:
Oculomotor (III)/short ciliary nerve

95
Q

Which nerve(s) is damaged in this case?

A

Afferent pathway of left eye:
Optic (II) nerve

96
Q

Pupil constriction in the pupillary light reflex is under what control

A

Parasympathetic

97
Q

Pupil dilation is under what control

A

Sympathetic

98
Q

Role of suspensory ligament

A
  • Connect the lens to the ciliary body
  • Maintain passive, forward gaze
99
Q

Lacrimation

A

Secretion of tears

100
Q

What are the lacrimal glands?

A
  • Paired exocrine glands that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film
101
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A
  • Also known as the tear duct
  • Carries tears from the lacrimal sac of the eye into the nasal cavity
  • Duct begins in the eye socket (between the maxillary and lacrimal bones), from where it passes posteriorly and inferiorly
  • This duct allows the draining of tears into the nasal cavity, where they will then be removed or ingested and components broken down in the stomach
    • [This means that if there is a blockage in the duct, the eyes are not drained, causing them to become watery and at higher risk of infection]
102
Q

What is the levator palpebrae superioris and what innervation does it receive?

A
  • Elevates the superior/upper eyelid, skeletal muscle
  • Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
103
Q

How does Horner’s syndrome affect the eye?

A
  • Horner’s syndrome is when lesion of the sympathetic supply leading to:
    • Miosis (constriction of the pupil)
    • Ptosis
    • Anhidrosis (lack of sweating on the face)
    • Enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit)
104
Q

What is ptosis?

A

drooping eyelid, due to interruption of innervation to the superior tarsal muscle (by failure of the sympathetic or oculomotor nerve (CNIII)

105
Q

How does the eye develop during CNS development?

A

As an outgrowth of the forebrain.

106
Q

What is this?

A

Ciliary muscles

107
Q

What is this?

A

Central artery of retina

108
Q

1

A

Posterior chamber

109
Q

2

A

Anterior chamber

110
Q

What is this?

A

Ciliary processes

111
Q

What are the signs of raised intracranial pressure?

A

*Paillodema
*Dilation of retinal veins

112
Q

Why is there dilation of retinal veins when intracranial pressure is raised?

A

this occurs do to occlusion of the exiting veins, as these travel in the same channel as the optic nerve, so the increased pressure will reduce flow

113
Q

Which is a normal retina? What pathology can be seen?

A

Left
Papilloedema

114
Q

What is the optic nerve surrounded by?

A

The optic nerve is surrounded by the subarachnoid space, which is continuous with that around the brain and contains CSF

115
Q

What are the two main parts of the eye involved in focusing light to form an image on the retina?

A
  • Cornea
  • Lens
116
Q

What are cataracts?

A
  • An opacification of the lens, which leads to decreased vision
    • Can be bilateral or unilateral
  • Most develop due to changes in the tissue due to injury or ageing
    • There are some inherited genetic disorders that cause other health problems and increase your risk of cataracts
    • Can also be caused by other eye conditions, previous eye surgery or medical conditions such as diabetes
117
Q

What is the function and innervation of the ciliary muscles?

A
  • The muscles are dually innervated by the autonomic nervous system
    • Parasympathetic innervation activates the muscle for contraction
    • Sympathetic innervation has an inhibitory effect on the level of parasympathetic activity
  • Contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscles changes the thickness and curvature of the lens, therefore controlling the focussing power of the eye
    • Contraction of the muscle allows for the lens to bunch up, increasing its focussing power (the suspensory ligaments are allowed to become slack)
    • Relaxation of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to become thinner and flat, decreasing the focussing power (the suspensory ligaments become stretched/tight)
118
Q

What is the dilator pupillae and what innervation does it receive?

A
  • This is the radial muscle of the iris that is able to dilate the pupil
  • It receives sympathetic innervation (long ciliary nerves, non-myelinated sympathetic fibres)
    • Its parasympathetic innervation appears less significant
119
Q

What is the sphincter pupillae and what innervation does it receive?

A
  • This is a muscle that controls the size of the pupil
  • The sphincter muscles are located near the pupillary margin and contraction of this muscle will cause the pupil to become smaller
  • The muscle is innervated by parasympathetic fibres (short ciliary nerves)
120
Q

What drugs can be used to dilate the pupil?

A

*Alpha muscarinics
* Cyclopentolate -> Muscarinic antagonist, commonly used as an eye drop during paediatric eye examinations to dilate the eye (mydriatic) and prevent focussing (cycloplegic)

121
Q

What movement does the lateral rectus cause?

A

Abduction

Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 (46 decks)

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