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Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 > 18.2.3 Spinal Cord Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

18.2.3 Spinal Cord Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord and spinal nerve roots are surrounded by what

A

Meninges:
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater

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2
Q

Space between two layers of dura mater (periosteal and meningeal)

A

Epidural space

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3
Q

Space between arachnoid and pia mater

A

CSF-filled subarachnoid space

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4
Q

As peripheral nerves enter the CNS, the epineurium becomes continuous with

A

Dura mater

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5
Q

As peripheral nerves enter the CNS, the perineurium and endoneurium become continuous with

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

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6
Q

Where do Schwann cells terminate as peripheral nerves enter the CNS?

A

Sub-pial layer of astrocytic end feet

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7
Q

Blood supply to spinal cord

A

Vertebral artery -> spinal arteries

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8
Q

Posterolateral spinal arteries originate from

A

PICA

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9
Q

Spinal level of supplementary artery of Adamkiewicz

A

T9-T12

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10
Q

Dorsal roots allow which neurons to enter the spinal cord

A

Sensory neurons

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11
Q

Ventral roots allow which neurons to exit the spinal cord

A

Motor neurons

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12
Q

Each dorsal root is accompanied by

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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13
Q

Dorsal root ganglia contain

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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14
Q

Number of nerve roots

A

31 pairs

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15
Q

Number of cervical nerve root pairs

A

8

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16
Q

Number of thoracic nerve root pairs

A

12

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17
Q

Number of lumbar nerve root pairs

A

5

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18
Q

Number of sacral nerve root pairs

A

5

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19
Q

Number of coccygeal nerve root pairs

A

1

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20
Q

Dorsal and ventral nerve roots fuse to give a

A

Spinal nerve

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21
Q
A

Dorsal root ganglia

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22
Q

What type of neuronal is found in the dorsal root ganglia?

A

Pseudounipolar

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23
Q

Main function of spinal ganglion cells

A

Transmit sensory nerve signals from the peripheral to central nervous system

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24
Q

Green structure is

A

Cauda equina

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25
Q

Cauda equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord at L1

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26
Q

Spinal cord runs from x to y

A

X = Foramen magnum
Y = L1/L2 vertebra

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27
Q

Newborn spinal cord termination

A

L3; retracts to L1 ish by end of first year

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28
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Cone-shaped terminal portion of spinal cord

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29
Q

Filum terminale

A

Fibrous cord stabilising the conus medullar is to the coccyx

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30
Q

Core of spinal cord

A

Gray matter

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31
Q

Outer mantle of spinal cord

A

White matter

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32
Q

Functional regions of gray matter

A

Dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn

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33
Q
A

Lateral horn

34
Q
A

Dorsal horn

35
Q
A

Ventral horn

36
Q

Which level of the spine are these sections taken from?

A

Cervical

37
Q

Which level of the spine are these sections taken from?

A

Thoracic

38
Q

Which level of the spine is this section taken from?

A

Lumbar

39
Q

Which level of the spine is this section taken from?

A

Sacral

40
Q

Layers of gray matter

A

10 layers (Rexed laminae) on basis of cytoarchitecture

41
Q

Divisions of white matter

A

Dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi

42
Q
A

Lamina I

43
Q

Lamina I

A

Marginal zone

44
Q

Marginal zone is the site of

A

Terminating fine, unmyelinated C fibres (nociceptive)

45
Q

Neurotransmitter of unmyelinated nociceptive C fibres in spinal cord

A

Substance P

46
Q

Neurotransmitter of A-delta fibres to spinal cord

A

Glutamate

47
Q
A

Lamina 2

48
Q

Lamina II

A

Substantia gelatinosa

49
Q

Substantia gelatinosa is site of

A

Small, spindle shaped interneurons that regulate transmission of pain by inhibiting small (C) and large diameter (A-delta) afferent fibres

50
Q

Lamina III/IV is site of

A

Main sensory nucleus

51
Q
A

Main sensory nucleus (nucleus proprius)

52
Q

Nucleus proprius (main sensory nucleus) comprised of what cells

A

Second order neurons that project up the spinal cord and are responsive to touch, nociception and temperature

53
Q

Lamina IX contains

A

Motor neurons innervating axial and limb muscles

Gamma motor neurons supplying muscle spindles

54
Q

Motor neuron pool

A

Group of motor neurons innervating a particular muscle

55
Q

Dorsal ventral horn motor pools innervate

A

Flexor muscles

56
Q

Ventral ventral horn motor pools innervate

A

Extensor muscles

57
Q

Lateral ventral horn motor pools innervate

A

Distal limb muscles

58
Q

Medial ventral horn motor pools innervate

A

Proximal limb muscles

59
Q

Where does the gracilis dorsal column arise?

A

Lower limb

60
Q

Where does the cuneatus dorsal column arise?

A

Upper limb

61
Q

Clarke’s column

A

Nucleus in the thoracic spine sending fibres conveying proprioceptive information from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs of the lower limb to the cerebellum

62
Q

Clarke’s column is found in which Rexed lamina?

A

VII

63
Q
A

Clarke’s column

64
Q

What are the features of the level this section of the spinal cord was taken from?

A

Cervical segment:

  • Large ventral horn; increased number of motorneuons to supply upper limb
  • 2 dorsal columns; gracilis (lower limb) and cuneatus (upper limb)
65
Q

What are the features of the level this section of the spinal cord was taken from?

A

Thoracic segment:

  • Reduced gray matter
  • Prominent lateral horns; preganglionic sympathetic nerve cells
  • Clarke’s column
  • Reduced cuneate fasciculus (no upper limb fibres)
66
Q

What are the features of the level this section of the spinal cord was taken from?

A

Lumbar segment:

  • Enlarged gray matter; increased presence of efferent and afferent supply to lower limb
  • Gracilis dorsal column increases in size rostrally
67
Q

From which segments of the spinal cord do preganglionic sympathetic axons emerge?

A

Thoracic and upper lumbar ventral roots

68
Q

Motor neuron disease affecting the lumbar spinal cord is likely to cause what signs

A
  • Muscle weakness/atrophy in the legs/feet
  • Spasticity in legs
  • Loss of reflexes in the lower limb
69
Q

A woman goes to her physician with several cuts and burns on her fingers. On testing she is found to have loss of light touch and nociception in both her hands and arms which spreads in a cape-like fashion over her shoulders. What is the condition?

A

Syringomyelia

70
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Central neurological disorder characterised by the formation of a fluid-filled cavity in the spinal cord; damages spinal cord tissues

71
Q

A woman goes to her physician with several cuts and burns on her fingers. On testing she

is found to have loss of light touch and nociception in both her hands and arms which spreads in a cape-like fashion over her shoulders. Why is the loss of sensation symmetrical?

A

Caused by distension of central canal; affects both left and right decussating pathways

72
Q

A woman goes to her physician with several cuts and burns on her fingers. On testing she is found to have loss of light touch and nociception in both her hands and arms which spreads in a cape-like fashion over her shoulders. Why is there no sensory loss in her lower limbs?

A

Localised cavity does not extend to level of decussating fibres serving lower limb

73
Q

A woman goes to her physician with several cuts and burns on her fingers. On testing she is found to have loss of light touch and nociception in both her hands and arms which spreads in a cape-like fashion over her shoulders. Which tracts are affected?

A

Dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts

74
Q

A woman goes to her physician with several cuts and burns on her fingers. On testing she is found to have loss of light touch and nociception in both her hands and arms which spreads in a cape-like fashion over her shoulders. Where is a lesion causing these symptoms most likely to be located?

A

Cervical spine

75
Q

Afferent axons conveying nociceptive information synapse in the outer layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord - why?

A

Smaller fibres, e.g. nociceptive C fibres, synapse in the outer laminae

76
Q

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

Lateral lesion causing ipsilateral mechanosensory deficit and contralateral proprioceptive/thermoceptive deficit

77
Q

Spinal cord site of enkephalin neurons modifying pain transmission

A

Substantia gelatinosa (dorsal horn)

78
Q

Lissauer’s tract

A

Amplifies C-fibre input, related to lamina II

79
Q

What are the characteristic features of Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A
  • Ipsilateral upper motor neuron paralysis
  • Loss of proprioception
  • Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
79
Q

Vestibulospinal tract function

A

Controls balance and posture

80
Q

Reticulospinal tract function

A

Ipsilateral control of posture, influences locomotion

81
Q

Tabes dorsalis

A

Demyelination of dorsal columns, causing paraesthesia and weakness

Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 (46 decks)

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