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Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 > 18.2.2 Brainstem and Cerebellum Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

18.2.2 Brainstem and Cerebellum Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Part of the CNS found posteriorly to the brainstem, in charge of motor learning, coordination and precision of motor functions

A

Cerebellum

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2
Q

Parts of the cerebellum

A
  • Two hemispheres; left and right
  • 3 lobes; anterior, posterior and flocculonodular
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3
Q

Which number represents the cerebellum?

A

3

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4
Q

Most caudal part of the brain, connecting subcortical structures and spinal cord and overseeing vital functions like the sleep-wake cycle, consciousness, respiratory and heart rates

A

Brainstem

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5
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
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6
Q

Majority of the cranial nerve nuclei are found where

A

Brainstem

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7
Q

Most inferior part of the brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata

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8
Q

Brainstem structure sitting in the posterior cranial fossa

A

Medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Brainstem structure continuous with the spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata

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10
Q

Which structure is the medulla oblongata continuous with above?

A

Pons

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11
Q

General function of medulla oblongata

A

Autonomic functions; contains cardiac, respiratory, reflex and vasomotor centres

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12
Q

Which number represents the medulla oblongata?

A

9

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13
Q
A

Medulla oblongata

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14
Q

Which part of brainstem: pyramids

A

Ventral surface of medulla oblongata

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15
Q

Pyramidal tract general function

A

Voluntary control of muscular movement; descending motor control

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16
Q

Pyramidal tract =

A

Corticospinal pathway

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17
Q
A

Pyramids

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18
Q

7

A

Pyramid

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19
Q

5

A

Pyramid

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20
Q
A

Decussation of pyramids

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21
Q

Corticospinal tract carries (i) signals from the (ii) in the brain to the (ii)

A

(i) Motor
(ii) Primary motor cortex
(iii) Muscles of the trunk and limbs

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22
Q

Pyramidal decussation occurs where

A

Anterior aspect of the lower medulla oblongata

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23
Q

Proportion of pyramidal fibres decussating in the anterior lower medulla oblongata

A

75-90%

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24
Q

Pyramidal fibres that cross the pyramidal decussation form which tract

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

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25
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract provides voluntary motor information to muscles where

A

Limbs

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26
Q

Pyramidal fibres that remain uncrossed at the pyramidal decussation form which tract

A

Anterior corticospinal tract

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27
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract provides voluntary motor information to muscles where

A

Axial muscles of the trunk

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28
Q

At which number does the decussation of the pyramidal tract occur?

A

9

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29
Q

Lesion of pyramids

A

Contralateral motor deficit

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30
Q

Major afferents of pyramids

A

Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

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31
Q

Which part of brainstem: olive

A

Anterior surface of medulla oblongata lateral to the pyramids

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32
Q

The pyramid lies ventral to

A

Olive

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33
Q
A

Olive

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34
Q

8

A

Inferior olive

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35
Q

8

A

Olive

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36
Q

5

A

Olive

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37
Q

Function of olives

A

Modulation of motor learning and coordination

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38
Q

Structure sending climbing fibres to the cerebellar cortex

A

Inferior olive

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39
Q

Which nucleus in the brainstem has major output to the cerebellum?

A

Inferior olive

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40
Q

Role of medial superior olive

A

Processing interaural time differences

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41
Q

Olive receives input from where

A

Spinal cord and cerebellum

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42
Q

Which number represents the pons?

A

8

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43
Q
A

Pons

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44
Q

The pons is the middle portion of the brainstem, bridging which two structures

A

Medulla oblongata and midbrain

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45
Q

Anterior surface of the pons has what appearance and why

A

Striated; parallel lines created by the corticopontocerebellar fibres running through them

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46
Q

Pons is separated from midbrain by what

A

Superior pontine sulcus

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47
Q

Pons is separated from the medulla oblongata by which structure

A

Inferior pontine sulcus

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48
Q
A

Cerebellum

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49
Q

Embryological origin of the cerebellum

A

Alar plates of metencephalon

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50
Q

6

A

Cerebellum

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51
Q

Cerebellar peduncles - general function

A
  • Anchor cerebellum to brainstem
  • Provide pathway for neuronal tracts to/from cerebellum
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52
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncles connect to which part of the brainstem

A

Midbrain

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53
Q
A

Superior cerebellar peduncles

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54
Q
A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

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55
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles connect to which part of brainstem

A

Pons

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56
Q
A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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57
Q
A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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58
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncles connect to which part of brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata

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59
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres are found bilateral to which structure in the cerebellum

A

Vermis

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60
Q
A

Vermis of the cerebellum

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61
Q

Colour of the flocculonodular lobe

A

Purple

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62
Q

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Spinal
  • Vestibular
  • Cortical
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63
Q

Site of the spinal division of the cerebellum

A

Vermis

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64
Q

Input and function of the spinal division of the cerebellum

A

Input: Proprioceptive receptors in the muscles and joints of the body via spinocerebellar tracts

Function: Regulation of muscle tone, posture and movement coordination

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65
Q

Site of vestibular division of cerebellum

A

Near flocculonodular lobe

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66
Q

Input and function of the vestibular division of the cerebellum

A

Input: Semicircular canals and otolith organs of vestibular system; input about head position and movement

Function: Regulation of balance and eye movements

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67
Q

Site of cortical division of cerebellum

A

Lateral hemispheres

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68
Q

Input and function of cortical division of cerebellum

A

Input: Input from cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei

Function: Planning, execution & coordination of voluntary movements, cognitive functions like attention, language and WM

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69
Q

Cerebellar nuclei -

Don’t Eat Greasy Food

A

Dentate
Emboliform
Globos
Fastigial

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70
Q

7

A

Fastigial nucleus

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71
Q

Input to fastigial nuclei

A

Spinocerebellar and labyrinthine efferents from the vermis

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72
Q

Output from fastigial nuclei

A
  • Spinal cord via vestibular nuclei
  • Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus
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73
Q

Fastigial nucleus function

A

Efferent pathway to proximal and trunk muscles for maintenance of balance

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74
Q
A

Globose nucleus

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75
Q
A

Emboliform nucleus

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76
Q

Together, the globose and emboli form nuclei form the

A

Interposed nucleus

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77
Q

Main inputs to interposed nucleus are from

A
  • Cerebellar cortex
  • Inferior olive
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78
Q

Main outputs from interposed nucleus

A
  • Red nucleus
  • Thalamus
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79
Q

Interposed nucleus function

A

Coordination of limb movements, especially those requiring fine motor control

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80
Q

2

A

Midbrain

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81
Q

Which number represents the midbrain?

A

10

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82
Q

The most superior portion of the brainstem - the midbrain - lies between which two structures

A

Pons and thalamus

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83
Q

Midbrain is divided into two halves by which structure

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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84
Q

Anterior half of midbrain

A

Tegmentum

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85
Q

Posterior half of midbrain

A

Tectum

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86
Q

Structures of the anterior surface of midbrain

A
  • 2 cerebral peduncles
  • Red nucleus
  • Optic tracts
  • Oculomotor nerve
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87
Q

Each cerebral peduncle contains

A
  • Substantia nigra
  • Crus cerebri (corticospinal tracts)
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88
Q

Structure dividing the cerebral peduncles

A

Interpenduncular fossa, containing the perforating arteries

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89
Q

Swellings on the posterior midbrain

A

Colliculi

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90
Q

Superior colliculi are relay station for what

A

Visual reflexes

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91
Q

Inferior colliculi are relay station for what

A

Auditory pathway

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92
Q

D

A

Superior colliculus

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93
Q

E

A

Inferior colliculus

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94
Q

Where are the dorsal column nuclei?

A

Bottom of medulla oblongata

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95
Q

Dorsal column nuclei receive information related to what

A

Sensory info related to fine touch, proprioception and vibration from the ipsilateral side of the body

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96
Q

Cuneate nucleus receives sensory information about which areas of the body

A

Upper limbs and upper trunk

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97
Q

Gracile nucleus receives sensory information about which areas if the body

A

Lower limbs and lower trunk

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98
Q

Output of dorsal column nuclei travels to where

A

Thalamus, which then relays to primary somatosensory cortex

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99
Q

Lesion of dorsal column nuclei

A

Impaired fine touch, proprioception and vibration sense from the ipsilateral side of the body

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100
Q

Lesion of cuneate nucleus

A

Deficits in fine touch, proprioception and vibration sense from the ipsilateral upper limbs and upper trunk

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101
Q

Lesion of gracile nucleus

A

Deficits in fine touch, proprioception and vibration sense from ipsilateral lower limbs and lower trunk

102
Q

Dorsal column nuclei

A
  • Cuneate nucleus
  • Gracile nucleus
103
Q

Pontine nuclei locations

104
Q

Pontine nuclei function

A

Principal relay tract between cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

105
Q

Pontine nuclei relay descending cortical input to where?

A

Contralateral cerebellar hemisphere

106
Q

Major afferent of pontine nuclei

107
Q

Effect of lesion to pontine nuclei

A

Ataxia, impaired coordination

108
Q

Inferior olivary nuclei location

A

Medulla oblongata

109
Q

4 is

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

110
Q

Structure highlighted green

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

111
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus major output

A

Cerebellum (via climbing fibres)

112
Q

Periaqueductal grey location

113
Q

grey
Structure highlighted in green

A

Periaqueductal grey

114
Q

Periaqueductal grey is involved in

A

Pain modulation, autonomic function and behaviour

115
Q

Sensory nucleus involved in pain control

A

Periaqueductal grey

116
Q

Sensory nucleus involved in vision

A

Superior colliculus

117
Q

Sensory nucleus involved in audition

A

Inferior colliculus

118
Q
A

Locus coeruleus

119
Q

Locus coeruleus is located where

120
Q

Locus coeruleus is involved in

A

Regulation of attention, arousal and stress response

121
Q

Which noradrenergic nucleus produces arousal of the cortex?

A

Locus coeruleus

122
Q

Which brainstem nucleus is the site of most 5-HT producing neurons in the brain?

A

Nucleus raphe

123
Q

Principal origin of noradrenergic input to the brain

A

Locus coeruleus

124
Q

Which vessel runs along the anterior face of the pons?

A

Basilar artery

125
Q

Which blood vessel can be seen running adjacent to the pons?

A

Basilar artery

126
Q

The brainstem houses the majority of the cranial nerve nuclei, except which?

A

Olfactory nerve (CN I)
Optic nerve (CN II)

127
Q

Efferent cranial nerves emerging from the brainstem do what

A

Provide motor functions to the structures of the head, neck and internal organs

128
Q

Afferent cranial nerves emerging from the brainstem do what

A

Receive sensory information

129
Q

Pons houses nuclei of which cranial nerves

130
Q

Medulla oblongata houses nuclei of which cranial nerves

131
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Nucleus of oculomotor nerve

132
Q

Nucleus of oculomotor nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

133
Q

Oculomotor nucleus:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Efferent fibre function

A
  • Upper midbrain; level of superior colliculus
  • Oculomotor nerve (III)
  • Supply superior, medial and inferior rectus, inferior oblique and elevator palpebral superioris muscles
134
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

135
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus (accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve)

136
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Efferent fibre function

A
  • Upper midbrain; closely related to oculomotor nucleus
  • Oculomotor nerve (III)
  • Relay in ciliary ganglion to supply sphincter pupillae muscle and ciliates muscle
137
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus neurotransmission

A

Parasympathetic

138
Q

Nucleus of trochlear nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

139
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Nucleus of the trochlear nerve

140
Q

Nucleus of the Trochlear nerve:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Efferent fibre function

A
  • Lower midbrain; level of inferior colliculus
  • Trochlear nerve
  • Supplies superior oblique muscle
141
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Nucleus of the abducens nerve

142
Q

Nucleus of abducens nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

143
Q

Nucleus of the abducens nerve:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Efferent fibre function

A
  • Lower pons, deep to facial colliculus
  • Abducens nerve (VI)
  • Supplies lateral rectus muscle
144
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

145
Q

Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Afferent (sensory)

146
Q

Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Afferent fibre function

A
  • Extends from the pons to the midbrain
  • Trigeminal (V)
  • Carry proprioceptive impulses from muscles of mastication, muscles of eyeballs, face, tongue and teeth; site of jaw jerk reflex
147
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve

148
Q

Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Afferent (sensory)

149
Q

Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Function of afferent fibres

A
  • Upper pons; lateral part of reticular formation
  • Trigeminal (V)
  • Mediates proprioceptive impulses, touch, pressure
150
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Spinal nucleus and tract of trigeminal nerve

151
Q

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Afferent (sensory)

152
Q

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Function of afferent fibres

A
  • Extends from pons to medulla and upper two segments of spinal cord where it associated with the substantia gelatinosa
  • Trigeminal (V); also receives general somatic sensations from facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
  • Mediation of pain and thermal senses
153
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve

154
Q

Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve - afferent of efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

155
Q

Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Function of efferent fibres

A
  • Upper, dorsal pons
  • Trigeminal (V)
  • Innervates mastication muscles, mylohyoid muscle and tensor palati
156
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Nucleus of the facial nerve

157
Q

Nucleus of the facial nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

158
Q

Nucleus of the facial nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve

A
  • Lower pontine tegmentum
  • Facial (VII)
159
Q

Cochlear nucleus is in which part of the brainstem

160
Q

First order relay of auditory information

A

Cochlear nucleus

161
Q

Brainstem nucleus involved in central auditory pathway

A

Cochlear nucleus

162
Q

Cochlear nucleus is associated with which cranial nerve

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

163
Q

Vestibular nucleus receives input from which cranial nerve

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

164
Q

Vestibular nucleus receives input from CN VIII, which carries info from where

A

Semicircular canals

165
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus contains maps of the body and visual space?

A

Vesibular nucleus

166
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

167
Q

Nucleus ambiguus - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

168
Q

Nucleus ambiguus:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerves

A
  • Medulla
  • Contributes fibres to glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves (IX, X, XI)
169
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Nucleus solitarius

170
Q

Nucleus solitarius - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Afferent (sensory)

171
Q

Nucleus solitarius:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerves
- Function

A
  • Medulla
  • Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus (VII, IX, X)
  • Taste, cardiorespiratory functions
172
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Nucleus of the vagal nerve

173
Q

Nucleus of the vagal nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

174
Q

Nucleus of the vagal nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Efferent fibres supply where

A
  • Medulla
  • Vagus nerve (X)
  • Heart, lungs, bronchi, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
175
Q

Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?

A

Hypoglossal nucleus

176
Q

Hypoglossal nucleus - afferent or efferent nucleus?

A

Efferent (motor)

177
Q

Hypoglossal nucleus:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Function of efferent fibres

A
  • Upper medulla
  • Hypoglossal (XII)
  • Motor supply to tongue
178
Q

Corticospinal tract - origin

A

Primary motor cortex

179
Q

Corticospinal tract - leaves origin via

A

Internal capsule

180
Q

Corticospinal tract - tract travels in

A

Lateral funiculus

181
Q

Corticospinal tract - destination

A

Motor neurons in the spinal cord (ventral horn of grey matter)

182
Q

Corticospinal tract - function

A

Contralateral voluntary movement:
- Lateral = limb muscles
- Anterior = axial muscles of trunk

183
Q

Corticospinal tract - tract type

A

Descending motor (mainly contralateral)

184
Q

Corticospinal tract - lesion effect

A

Spastic paralysis; loss of motor control, increased muscle tone and stiffness

185
Q

Corticobulbar tract - origin

A

Primary motor cortex

186
Q

Corticobulbar tract - travels via

A

Internal capsule

187
Q

Corticobulbar tract - destination

A

Cranial nerve nuclei (III-XII but only the mandibular branch of V)

188
Q

Corticobulbar tract - tract type

A

Descending motor (bilateral)

189
Q

Corticobulbar tract - function

A

Movements of muscles in face, tongue and throat

190
Q

Corticobulbar tract - lesion

A

Difficulty speaking, swallowing and facial movement

191
Q

Corticopontine tract - origin

A

Primary motor cortex

192
Q

Corticopontine tract - destination

193
Q

Corticopontine tract - tract type

A

Descending motor (ipsilateral)

194
Q

Corticopontine tract - function

A

Coordination and regulation of movement, including eye movement and posture control

195
Q

Corticopontine tract - lesion effects

A

Ipsilateral ataxia, dysmetria and nystagmus

196
Q

Dorsal columns - origins

A

Sensory/proprioceptive receptors in the skin, joints and muscles

197
Q

Dorsal columns - destination

A

Medulla oblongata - gracile and cuneate nuclei

198
Q

Dorsal columns - tract type

A

Ascending sensory (ipsilateral)

199
Q

Dorsal columns - function

A

Fine touch, proprioception and vibration sensations from the body to brain

200
Q

Dorsal columns - lesion

A

Ipsilateral loss of proprioception, fine touch and vibration sensations

201
Q

Internal arcuate lemniscus - origin

A

Dorsal horn of spinal cord

202
Q

Internal arcuate lemniscus - destination

A

Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

203
Q

Internal arcuate lemniscus - tract type

A

Ascending sensory (contralateral)

204
Q

Internal arcuate lemniscus - function

A

Carry information about pain and temperature sensation from the contralateral side of the body to the thalamus

205
Q

Internal arcuate lemniscus - lesion

A

Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation

206
Q

Medial lemniscus - origin

A

Dorsal columns of spinal cord

207
Q

Medial lemniscus - destination

A

Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

208
Q

Medial lemniscus - tract type

A

Ascending sensory (contralateral)

209
Q

Medial lemniscus - function

A

Carry information about fine touch, vibration and proprioception from the contralateral side of the body

210
Q

Medial lemniscus - lesion effects

A

Deficit in contralateral sense of fine touch, vibration and proprioception sensation

211
Q

Lateral lemniscus - origin

A

Cochlear nuclei in brainstem

212
Q

Lateral lemniscus - destination

A

Inferior colliculus in midbrain

213
Q

Lateral lemniscus - tract type

A

Ascending sensory (contralateral; receives input from opposite ear)

214
Q

Lateral lemniscus - function

A

Carry auditory information from cochlea to brain

215
Q

Lateral lemniscus - lesion

A

Contralateral loss of hearing and impaired sound localisation

216
Q

Spinothalamic tract - origin

A

Dorsal horn of spinal cord

217
Q

Spinothalamic tract - destination

218
Q

Spinothalamic tract - tract type

A

Ascending sensory (contralateral)

219
Q

Spinothalamic tract - function

A

Modulation of pain and temperature sensation from the contralateral side of the body to the thalamus

220
Q

Spinoreticular tract - origin

A

Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

221
Q

Spinoreticular tract - destination

A

Reticular formation of brainstem

222
Q

Spinoreticular tract - tract type

A

Ascending sensory (contralateral)

223
Q

Spinoreticular tract - function

A

Modulation of pain perception and arousal

224
Q

Spinomesencephalic tract - origin

A

Dorsal horn of spinal cord

225
Q

Spinomesencephalic tract - destination

225
Q

Spinomesencephalic tract - tract type

A

Ascending sensory (contralateral)

226
Q

Spinomesencephalic tract - function

A

Modulation of pain perception (nociception) and reflexive movement of head and neck

227
Q

Spinomesencephalic, spinoreticular and spinothalamic tract all form the

A

Anterolateral column

228
Q

Which fibres decussate in the spinal cord?

A

Those of the anterolateral column - spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinomesencephalic

229
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus - origin

A

Brainstem nuclei

230
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus - destination

A

Eye muscles and vestibular nuclei

231
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus - tract type

A

Descending motor tract (bilateral)

232
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus - function

A

Controlling eye movements, especially during head movements, and maintenance of balance; vestibulo-ocular reflex

233
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus - lesion effects

A

Double vision and difficulty maintaining balance

234
Q

Spinocerebellar tract - origin

A

Proprioceptive receptors in the skin, muscles and joints

235
Q

Spinocerebellar tract - destination

A

Cerebellum

236
Q

Spinocerebellar tract - tract type

A

Ascending sensory (ipsilateral)

237
Q

Spinocerebellar tract - function

A

Carries info about muscle and joint position and movement to the cerebellum for coordination and regulation of movement; proprioception

238
Q

Spinocerebellar tract - lesion

A

Ataxia or uncoordinated movement

239
Q

Which is the main tract conveying proprioceptive information from the lower limbs to the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellar

240
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle - origin

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

241
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle - destination

A

Thalamic nuclei and motor cortex

242
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle - tract type

A

Descending motor

243
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle - function

A

Regulating and coordinating movements and posture

244
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle - lesion effects

A

Ataxia, dysmetria, tremor

245
Q

Spinal tract of the trigeminal - origin

A

Sensory receptors in the face and mouth

246
Q

Spinal tract of the trigeminal - destination

A

Trigeminal nucleus

247
Q

Spinal tract of the trigeminal - tract type

A

Ascending sensory

248
Q

Spinal tract of the trigeminal - function

A

Carries sensations of touch, temp and pain from the face and mouth to the brain

249
Q

Carries sensations of touch, temp and pain from the face and mouth to the brain

A

Afferent (sensory)

Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 (46 decks)

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