18.2.2 Brainstem and Cerebellum Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Part of the CNS found posteriorly to the brainstem, in charge of motor learning, coordination and precision of motor functions
A
Cerebellum
2
Q
Parts of the cerebellum
A
- Two hemispheres; left and right
- 3 lobes; anterior, posterior and flocculonodular
3
Q
Which number represents the cerebellum?
A
3
4
Q
Most caudal part of the brain, connecting subcortical structures and spinal cord and overseeing vital functions like the sleep-wake cycle, consciousness, respiratory and heart rates
A
Brainstem
5
Q
Parts of the brainstem
A
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Midbrain
6
Q
Majority of the cranial nerve nuclei are found where
A
Brainstem
7
Q
Most inferior part of the brainstem
A
Medulla oblongata
8
Q
Brainstem structure sitting in the posterior cranial fossa
A
Medulla oblongata
9
Q
Brainstem structure continuous with the spinal cord
A
Medulla oblongata
10
Q
Which structure is the medulla oblongata continuous with above?
A
Pons
11
Q
General function of medulla oblongata
A
Autonomic functions; contains cardiac, respiratory, reflex and vasomotor centres
12
Q
Which number represents the medulla oblongata?
A
9
13
Q
A
Medulla oblongata
14
Q
Which part of brainstem: pyramids
A
Ventral surface of medulla oblongata
15
Q
Pyramidal tract general function
A
Voluntary control of muscular movement; descending motor control
16
Q
Pyramidal tract =
A
Corticospinal pathway
17
Q
A
Pyramids
18
Q
7
A
Pyramid
19
Q
5
A
Pyramid
20
Q
A
Decussation of pyramids
21
Q
Corticospinal tract carries (i) signals from the (ii) in the brain to the (ii)
A
(i) Motor
(ii) Primary motor cortex
(iii) Muscles of the trunk and limbs
22
Q
Pyramidal decussation occurs where
A
Anterior aspect of the lower medulla oblongata
23
Q
Proportion of pyramidal fibres decussating in the anterior lower medulla oblongata
A
75-90%
24
Q
Pyramidal fibres that cross the pyramidal decussation form which tract
A
Lateral corticospinal tract
25
Lateral corticospinal tract provides voluntary motor information to muscles where
Limbs
26
Pyramidal fibres that remain uncrossed at the pyramidal decussation form which tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
27
Anterior corticospinal tract provides voluntary motor information to muscles where
Axial muscles of the trunk
28
At which number does the decussation of the pyramidal tract occur?
9
29
Lesion of pyramids
Contralateral motor deficit
30
Major afferents of pyramids
Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
31
Which part of brainstem: olive
Anterior surface of medulla oblongata lateral to the pyramids
32
The pyramid lies ventral to
Olive
33
Olive
34
8
Inferior olive
35
8
Olive
36
5
Olive
37
Function of olives
Modulation of motor learning and coordination
38
Structure sending climbing fibres to the cerebellar cortex
Inferior olive
39
Which nucleus in the brainstem has major output to the cerebellum?
Inferior olive
40
Role of medial superior olive
Processing interaural time differences
41
Olive receives input from where
Spinal cord and cerebellum
42
Which number represents the pons?
8
43
Pons
44
The pons is the middle portion of the brainstem, bridging which two structures
Medulla oblongata and midbrain
45
Anterior surface of the pons has what appearance and why
Striated; parallel lines created by the corticopontocerebellar fibres running through them
46
Pons is separated from midbrain by what
Superior pontine sulcus
47
Pons is separated from the medulla oblongata by which structure
Inferior pontine sulcus
48
Cerebellum
49
Embryological origin of the cerebellum
Alar plates of metencephalon
50
6
Cerebellum
51
Cerebellar peduncles - general function
- Anchor cerebellum to brainstem
- Provide pathway for neuronal tracts to/from cerebellum
52
Superior cerebellar peduncles connect to which part of the brainstem
Midbrain
53
Superior cerebellar peduncles
54
Middle cerebellar peduncles
55
Middle cerebellar peduncles connect to which part of brainstem
Pons
56
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
57
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
58
Inferior cerebellar peduncles connect to which part of brainstem
Medulla oblongata
59
Cerebellar hemispheres are found bilateral to which structure in the cerebellum
Vermis
60
Vermis of the cerebellum
61
Colour of the flocculonodular lobe
Purple
62
What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?
- Spinal
- Vestibular
- Cortical
63
Site of the spinal division of the cerebellum
Vermis
64
Input and function of the spinal division of the cerebellum
Input: Proprioceptive receptors in the muscles and joints of the body via spinocerebellar tracts
Function: Regulation of muscle tone, posture and movement coordination
65
Site of vestibular division of cerebellum
Near flocculonodular lobe
66
Input and function of the vestibular division of the cerebellum
Input: Semicircular canals and otolith organs of vestibular system; input about head position and movement
Function: Regulation of balance and eye movements
67
Site of cortical division of cerebellum
Lateral hemispheres
68
Input and function of cortical division of cerebellum
Input: Input from cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei
Function: Planning, execution & coordination of voluntary movements, cognitive functions like attention, language and WM
69
Cerebellar nuclei -
Don't Eat Greasy Food
Dentate
Emboliform
Globos
Fastigial
70
7
Fastigial nucleus
71
Input to fastigial nuclei
Spinocerebellar and labyrinthine efferents from the vermis
72
Output from fastigial nuclei
- Spinal cord via vestibular nuclei
- Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus
73
Fastigial nucleus function
Efferent pathway to proximal and trunk muscles for maintenance of balance
74
Globose nucleus
75
Emboliform nucleus
76
Together, the globose and emboli form nuclei form the
Interposed nucleus
77
Main inputs to interposed nucleus are from
- Cerebellar cortex
- Inferior olive
78
Main outputs from interposed nucleus
- Red nucleus
- Thalamus
79
Interposed nucleus function
Coordination of limb movements, especially those requiring fine motor control
80
2
Midbrain
81
Which number represents the midbrain?
10
82
The most superior portion of the brainstem - the midbrain - lies between which two structures
Pons and thalamus
83
Midbrain is divided into two halves by which structure
Cerebral aqueduct
84
Anterior half of midbrain
Tegmentum
85
Posterior half of midbrain
Tectum
86
Structures of the anterior surface of midbrain
- 2 cerebral peduncles
- Red nucleus
- Optic tracts
- Oculomotor nerve
87
Each cerebral peduncle contains
- Substantia nigra
- Crus cerebri (corticospinal tracts)
88
Structure dividing the cerebral peduncles
Interpenduncular fossa, containing the perforating arteries
89
Swellings on the posterior midbrain
Colliculi
90
Superior colliculi are relay station for what
Visual reflexes
91
Inferior colliculi are relay station for what
Auditory pathway
92
D
Superior colliculus
93
E
Inferior colliculus
94
Where are the dorsal column nuclei?
Bottom of medulla oblongata
95
Dorsal column nuclei receive information related to what
Sensory info related to fine touch, proprioception and vibration from the ipsilateral side of the body
96
Cuneate nucleus receives sensory information about which areas of the body
Upper limbs and upper trunk
97
Gracile nucleus receives sensory information about which areas if the body
Lower limbs and lower trunk
98
Output of dorsal column nuclei travels to where
Thalamus, which then relays to primary somatosensory cortex
99
Lesion of dorsal column nuclei
Impaired fine touch, proprioception and vibration sense from the ipsilateral side of the body
100
Lesion of cuneate nucleus
Deficits in fine touch, proprioception and vibration sense from the ipsilateral upper limbs and upper trunk
101
Lesion of gracile nucleus
Deficits in fine touch, proprioception and vibration sense from ipsilateral lower limbs and lower trunk
102
Dorsal column nuclei
- Cuneate nucleus
- Gracile nucleus
103
Pontine nuclei locations
Pons
104
Pontine nuclei function
Principal relay tract between cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex
105
Pontine nuclei relay descending cortical input to where?
Contralateral cerebellar hemisphere
106
Major afferent of pontine nuclei
Cortex
107
Effect of lesion to pontine nuclei
Ataxia, impaired coordination
108
Inferior olivary nuclei location
Medulla oblongata
109
4 is
Inferior olivary nucleus
110
Structure highlighted green
Inferior olivary nucleus
111
Inferior olivary nucleus major output
Cerebellum (via climbing fibres)
112
Periaqueductal grey location
Midbrain
113
grey
Structure highlighted in green
Periaqueductal grey
114
Periaqueductal grey is involved in
Pain modulation, autonomic function and behaviour
115
Sensory nucleus involved in pain control
Periaqueductal grey
116
Sensory nucleus involved in vision
Superior colliculus
117
Sensory nucleus involved in audition
Inferior colliculus
118
Locus coeruleus
119
Locus coeruleus is located where
Pons
120
Locus coeruleus is involved in
Regulation of attention, arousal and stress response
121
Which noradrenergic nucleus produces arousal of the cortex?
Locus coeruleus
122
Which brainstem nucleus is the site of most 5-HT producing neurons in the brain?
Nucleus raphe
123
Principal origin of noradrenergic input to the brain
Locus coeruleus
124
Which vessel runs along the anterior face of the pons?
Basilar artery
125
Which blood vessel can be seen running adjacent to the pons?
Basilar artery
126
The brainstem houses the majority of the cranial nerve nuclei, except which?
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
Optic nerve (CN II)
127
Efferent cranial nerves emerging from the brainstem do what
Provide motor functions to the structures of the head, neck and internal organs
128
Afferent cranial nerves emerging from the brainstem do what
Receive sensory information
129
Pons houses nuclei of which cranial nerves
V-VIII
130
Medulla oblongata houses nuclei of which cranial nerves
XI-XII
131
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Nucleus of oculomotor nerve
132
Nucleus of oculomotor nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
133
Oculomotor nucleus:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Efferent fibre function
- Upper midbrain; level of superior colliculus
- Oculomotor nerve (III)
- Supply superior, medial and inferior rectus, inferior oblique and elevator palpebral superioris muscles
134
Edinger-Westphal nucleus - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
135
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus (accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve)
136
Edinger-Westphal nucleus:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Efferent fibre function
- Upper midbrain; closely related to oculomotor nucleus
- Oculomotor nerve (III)
- Relay in ciliary ganglion to supply sphincter pupillae muscle and ciliates muscle
137
Edinger-Westphal nucleus neurotransmission
Parasympathetic
138
Nucleus of trochlear nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
139
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Nucleus of the trochlear nerve
140
Nucleus of the Trochlear nerve:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Efferent fibre function
- Lower midbrain; level of inferior colliculus
- Trochlear nerve
- Supplies superior oblique muscle
141
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Nucleus of the abducens nerve
142
Nucleus of abducens nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
143
Nucleus of the abducens nerve:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Efferent fibre function
- Lower pons, deep to facial colliculus
- Abducens nerve (VI)
- Supplies lateral rectus muscle
144
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
145
Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Afferent (sensory)
146
Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve:
- Location
- Associated nerve
- Afferent fibre function
- Extends from the pons to the midbrain
- Trigeminal (V)
- Carry proprioceptive impulses from muscles of mastication, muscles of eyeballs, face, tongue and teeth; site of jaw jerk reflex
147
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve
148
Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Afferent (sensory)
149
Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Function of afferent fibres
- Upper pons; lateral part of reticular formation
- Trigeminal (V)
- Mediates proprioceptive impulses, touch, pressure
150
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Spinal nucleus and tract of trigeminal nerve
151
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Afferent (sensory)
152
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Function of afferent fibres
- Extends from pons to medulla and upper two segments of spinal cord where it associated with the substantia gelatinosa
- Trigeminal (V); also receives general somatic sensations from facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
- Mediation of pain and thermal senses
153
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
154
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve - afferent of efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
155
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Function of efferent fibres
- Upper, dorsal pons
- Trigeminal (V)
- Innervates mastication muscles, mylohyoid muscle and tensor palati
156
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Nucleus of the facial nerve
157
Nucleus of the facial nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
158
Nucleus of the facial nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Lower pontine tegmentum
- Facial (VII)
159
Cochlear nucleus is in which part of the brainstem
Medulla
160
First order relay of auditory information
Cochlear nucleus
161
Brainstem nucleus involved in central auditory pathway
Cochlear nucleus
162
Cochlear nucleus is associated with which cranial nerve
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
163
Vestibular nucleus receives input from which cranial nerve
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
164
Vestibular nucleus receives input from CN VIII, which carries info from where
Semicircular canals
165
Which cranial nerve nucleus contains maps of the body and visual space?
Vesibular nucleus
166
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Nucleus ambiguus
167
Nucleus ambiguus - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
168
Nucleus ambiguus:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerves
- Medulla
- Contributes fibres to glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves (IX, X, XI)
169
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Nucleus solitarius
170
Nucleus solitarius - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Afferent (sensory)
171
Nucleus solitarius:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerves
- Function
- Medulla
- Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus (VII, IX, X)
- Taste, cardiorespiratory functions
172
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Nucleus of the vagal nerve
173
Nucleus of the vagal nerve - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
174
Nucleus of the vagal nerve:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Efferent fibres supply where
- Medulla
- Vagus nerve (X)
- Heart, lungs, bronchi, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
175
Which cranial nerve nucleus is highlighted in green?
Hypoglossal nucleus
176
Hypoglossal nucleus - afferent or efferent nucleus?
Efferent (motor)
177
Hypoglossal nucleus:
- Location
- Associated cranial nerve
- Function of efferent fibres
- Upper medulla
- Hypoglossal (XII)
- Motor supply to tongue
178
Corticospinal tract - origin
Primary motor cortex
179
Corticospinal tract - leaves origin via
Internal capsule
180
Corticospinal tract - tract travels in
Lateral funiculus
181
Corticospinal tract - destination
Motor neurons in the spinal cord (ventral horn of grey matter)
182
Corticospinal tract - function
Contralateral voluntary movement:
- Lateral = limb muscles
- Anterior = axial muscles of trunk
183
Corticospinal tract - tract type
Descending motor (mainly contralateral)
184
Corticospinal tract - lesion effect
Spastic paralysis; loss of motor control, increased muscle tone and stiffness
185
Corticobulbar tract - origin
Primary motor cortex
186
Corticobulbar tract - travels via
Internal capsule
187
Corticobulbar tract - destination
Cranial nerve nuclei (III-XII but only the mandibular branch of V)
188
Corticobulbar tract - tract type
Descending motor (bilateral)
189
Corticobulbar tract - function
Movements of muscles in face, tongue and throat
190
Corticobulbar tract - lesion
Difficulty speaking, swallowing and facial movement
191
Corticopontine tract - origin
Primary motor cortex
192
Corticopontine tract - destination
Pons
193
Corticopontine tract - tract type
Descending motor (ipsilateral)
194
Corticopontine tract - function
Coordination and regulation of movement, including eye movement and posture control
195
Corticopontine tract - lesion effects
Ipsilateral ataxia, dysmetria and nystagmus
196
Dorsal columns - origins
Sensory/proprioceptive receptors in the skin, joints and muscles
197
Dorsal columns - destination
Medulla oblongata - gracile and cuneate nuclei
198
Dorsal columns - tract type
Ascending sensory (ipsilateral)
199
Dorsal columns - function
Fine touch, proprioception and vibration sensations from the body to brain
200
Dorsal columns - lesion
Ipsilateral loss of proprioception, fine touch and vibration sensations
201
Internal arcuate lemniscus - origin
Dorsal horn of spinal cord
202
Internal arcuate lemniscus - destination
Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus
203
Internal arcuate lemniscus - tract type
Ascending sensory (contralateral)
204
Internal arcuate lemniscus - function
Carry information about pain and temperature sensation from the contralateral side of the body to the thalamus
205
Internal arcuate lemniscus - lesion
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
206
Medial lemniscus - origin
Dorsal columns of spinal cord
207
Medial lemniscus - destination
Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus
208
Medial lemniscus - tract type
Ascending sensory (contralateral)
209
Medial lemniscus - function
Carry information about fine touch, vibration and proprioception from the contralateral side of the body
210
Medial lemniscus - lesion effects
Deficit in contralateral sense of fine touch, vibration and proprioception sensation
211
Lateral lemniscus - origin
Cochlear nuclei in brainstem
212
Lateral lemniscus - destination
Inferior colliculus in midbrain
213
Lateral lemniscus - tract type
Ascending sensory (contralateral; receives input from opposite ear)
214
Lateral lemniscus - function
Carry auditory information from cochlea to brain
215
Lateral lemniscus - lesion
Contralateral loss of hearing and impaired sound localisation
216
Spinothalamic tract - origin
Dorsal horn of spinal cord
217
Spinothalamic tract - destination
Thalamus
218
Spinothalamic tract - tract type
Ascending sensory (contralateral)
219
Spinothalamic tract - function
Modulation of pain and temperature sensation from the contralateral side of the body to the thalamus
220
Spinoreticular tract - origin
Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
221
Spinoreticular tract - destination
Reticular formation of brainstem
222
Spinoreticular tract - tract type
Ascending sensory (contralateral)
223
Spinoreticular tract - function
Modulation of pain perception and arousal
224
Spinomesencephalic tract - origin
Dorsal horn of spinal cord
225
Spinomesencephalic tract - destination
Midbrain
225
Spinomesencephalic tract - tract type
Ascending sensory (contralateral)
226
Spinomesencephalic tract - function
Modulation of pain perception (nociception) and reflexive movement of head and neck
227
Spinomesencephalic, spinoreticular and spinothalamic tract all form the
Anterolateral column
228
Which fibres decussate in the spinal cord?
Those of the anterolateral column - spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinomesencephalic
229
Medial longitudinal fasciculus - origin
Brainstem nuclei
230
Medial longitudinal fasciculus - destination
Eye muscles and vestibular nuclei
231
Medial longitudinal fasciculus - tract type
Descending motor tract (bilateral)
232
Medial longitudinal fasciculus - function
Controlling eye movements, especially during head movements, and maintenance of balance; vestibulo-ocular reflex
233
Medial longitudinal fasciculus - lesion effects
Double vision and difficulty maintaining balance
234
Spinocerebellar tract - origin
Proprioceptive receptors in the skin, muscles and joints
235
Spinocerebellar tract - destination
Cerebellum
236
Spinocerebellar tract - tract type
Ascending sensory (ipsilateral)
237
Spinocerebellar tract - function
Carries info about muscle and joint position and movement to the cerebellum for coordination and regulation of movement; proprioception
238
Spinocerebellar tract - lesion
Ataxia or uncoordinated movement
239
Which is the main tract conveying proprioceptive information from the lower limbs to the cerebellum?
Spinocerebellar
240
Superior cerebellar peduncle - origin
Deep cerebellar nuclei
241
Superior cerebellar peduncle - destination
Thalamic nuclei and motor cortex
242
Superior cerebellar peduncle - tract type
Descending motor
243
Superior cerebellar peduncle - function
Regulating and coordinating movements and posture
244
Superior cerebellar peduncle - lesion effects
Ataxia, dysmetria, tremor
245
Spinal tract of the trigeminal - origin
Sensory receptors in the face and mouth
246
Spinal tract of the trigeminal - destination
Trigeminal nucleus
247
Spinal tract of the trigeminal - tract type
Ascending sensory
248
Spinal tract of the trigeminal - function
Carries sensations of touch, temp and pain from the face and mouth to the brain
249
Carries sensations of touch, temp and pain from the face and mouth to the brain
Afferent (sensory)
