19.1 Methods of Study of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main histological techniques used to study neurons and what is each used for?

[IMPORTANT]

A
  • Nissl staining -> For cell nuclei
  • Golgi stain (silver stain) -> For cell morphology
  • Weigert stain -> For axon tracts
  • Immunocytochemistry
  • In situ hybridisation
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2
Q

What is immunohistochemistry and how can it be used in neuroscience?

[IMPORTANT]

A
  • It is the staining of a certain type of protein using labelled antibodies
  • This can be used to, for example, detecting neurons containing a certain type of neurotransmitter
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3
Q

What is in situ hybridisation?

[IMPORTANT]

A

Use of labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e. a probe) to localise a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ).

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4
Q

What technique is this?

A

Golgi staining

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5
Q

What technique is this?

A

Nissl staining

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6
Q

What technique is this?

A

Weigert staining

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7
Q

What type of microscopy of the brain is shown here?

A

Light microscopy

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8
Q

What type of microscopy of the brain is shown here?

A

Electron microscopy

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9
Q

What type of microscopy of the brain is shown here?

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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10
Q

What enables the imaging of neurotransmitter vesicles at a synaptic cleft?

A

Fluorescence microscopy dyes (FM)

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11
Q

fMRI

A

What enables imaging areas of functional activity in the CNS?

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12
Q

What method gives a direct measure of the activity of large populations of nerve cells?

A

EEG

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13
Q

What method produces images of pre- and postsynaptic specialisations for synaptic transmission?

A

Electron microscopy

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14
Q

Imaging technique used

A

CT

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14
Q

What method uses changes in blood oxygenation to give an indirect measure of neural activity within the CNS?

A

fMRI

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15
Q

What method of study has been used to visualise the brain in this image?

A

MRI

16
Q

CT scan

A

X-ray beams to produce images that depict tissues in 2D and 3D dimensions based on density

17
Q

PET scan

A

Asminister radioactive fluorescent glucose analogue; distributed throughout brain for assessment of brain activity

17
Q

Imaging technique used

A

PET scan

18
Q

EEG

A

Detect surface, residual currents to image brain activity; used in diagnosis of Epilepsy

19
Q

MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography; allows measurement of magnetic fields produced by brain electrical activity (brain waves)

20
Q

What are the limitations of the Golgi stain?

A

Golgi stain only picks up about 1 in 100 neurons

21
Q

What stain is shown below?

A

Golgi stain - silver nitrate and potassium dichromate

22
Q

How can MRI and CT be distinguished in the brain?

A

MRI= CSF and ventricles will appear WHITE and skull is black
CT= CSF and ventricles will appear BLACK and skull is white

23
Q

What is functional MRI?

A

uses a contrast medium (BOLD) in order to detect where the most blood flow in the brain is. Because the vasculature of the CNS is dynamic, and blood is delivered to neural tissue in a proportional manner to activity.

24
Q

What technique is shown below?

A

fMRI

25
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

(positron-emission tomography)
positron-producing radioactive marker (undergoing β+ decay) is injected for the imaging of blood flow to give better resolution than fMRI

26
Q

What technique is A?

A

CT

27
Q

What technique is B?

A

MRI

28
Q

What is C?

A

PET scan

29
Q

What is an EEG (electroencephalogram) ?

A

electrodes are placed in a noninvasive manner along the scalp of an individual, allowing them to detect residual currents similarly to the ECG as neurons depolarise and action potentials are fired in a perpendicular direction to the sensors

30
Q

What is EEG used for clinically?

A

This gives to the characteristic oscillations in brain activity seen on a normal EEG.
The technique is classically used in the diagnosis of epilepsy, although abnormalities on the results can be indicative of a wide range of other issues from sleep disorders to abnormal anaesthesia

31
Q

What are patch clamp recordings?

A

‘clamp’ the voltage to an experimental level and measure ionic currents across a single or a couple ion channels (patch)

32
Q

How are intracellular and extracellular recordings made?

A

fine microelectrodes, piercing into single axons to detect their firing

33
Q

What colour do nuclei appear under H&E staining?

A

Nuclei and structures rich in nucleic acids stain purple because they are acidic and bind to basophilic dyes

34
Q

What type of dye is haemotoxylin?

A

Basic dye = binds to acidic compounds = nucleic acids

35
Q

What colour does eosin appear as?

A

Pink

36
Q

What compounds does eosin bind to?

A

Basic proteins that are acidophilic because its an acidic dye

37
Q

What are different recording methods in electrophysiology?

A

field, extracellular, intracellular, patch.