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Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 > 23.1 Cortex > Flashcards

23.1 Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of cortex?

A

Neocortex
Allocortex

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2
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

Found only in mammals and is the newest part of the brain to evolve
Largest part of the cerebral cortex containig six horizontal layers of grey matter

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3
Q

What is the neocortex derived from?

A

Dorsal telencephalon (rostral part of the forebrain)

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4
Q

What is found in the allocortex?

A

Three layered structure containing the olfactory system and hippocampus

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5
Q

How many layers are found in the neocortex?

A

6

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6
Q

How many layers makes up the hippocampus?

A

3

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7
Q

How is the cerebral cortex different from the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum made up of grey matter

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8
Q

What is layer I known as?

A

Molecular layer

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9
Q

What is found in layer I?

A

Occupied by dendrites of cells in deeper layers

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10
Q

What is layer II known as?

A

External granule layer

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11
Q

What is found in the external granule layer?

A

(layer II)
Contains small spherical (stellate) neurons

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12
Q

What is layer III known as?

A

External pyramidal cell layer

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13
Q

What is found in layer III?

A

External pyramidal layer
Contains pyramidal cells

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14
Q

What is layer IV known as?

A

Internal granule layer

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15
Q

What is found in layer IV? What is its main function?

A

Contains a large number of small spherical (stellate/granular) neurons and a smaller portion of pyramidal cells
Receives the largest sensory input (e.g. primary somatosensory cortex has prominent IV layer)

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16
Q

What are areas with a prominent layer IV known as?

A

Granular cortex

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17
Q

What is layer V known as?

A

Internal pyramidal

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18
Q

What is contained in layer V?

A

Medium and large pyramidal cells
SOURCE OF OUTPUT

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19
Q

What is layer VI known as?

A

Multiform (fusiform) layer

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20
Q

What is contained within layer VI?

A

Fusiform cells with dendrites projecting to superficial cortical regions and axons projecting to thalamus and commissural fibres
Some pyramidal cells and interneurons

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21
Q

Where do thalamic afferents end in the cortex?

A

Thalamic afferents end on layer 4/ granular cells.

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22
Q

Where are output pyramidal cells from in the cortex?

A

Layer 3,5 and 6

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23
Q

What are the three types of efferent fibres within the cortex?

A

Comissural
Association
Projection

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24
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Axons of pyramidal cells from layers III and IV which cross the midline to terminate in the corresponding cortical area of the contralateral hemisphere

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25
Q

Where in the brain do commissural fibres travel?

A

Travel in and form the corpus callosum which connects the two hemispheres

26
Q

What are associative fibres?

A

Axons from cells in layers II and III which project to ipsilateral association cortical areas (other regions in the cortex)

27
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Fibres which leave the cortex and project to different regions of the CNS (thalamus, spinal cord)

28
Q

Where are the cell bodies of projection fibres?

A

Layers V and VI
Generally these fibres are arranged into tracts

29
Q

Which tyep of efferent fibres originate in layer IV?

A

Commissural from pyramidal cells
Stellate synapse locally

30
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Internal capsule

31
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

White matter fibres that link the cerebral cortex to subcortical structures such as the corpus striatum, thalamus and brain stem
Carries both ascending and descending fibres

32
Q

What structure is highlighted below?

A

Fornix

33
Q

What is the function of the fornix?

A

Commissural fibre that connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus (part of limbic system)

34
Q

Give examples of tracts that pass through the internal capsule?

A

corticospinal tracts
the posterior limb has corticobulbar, corticospinal and thalamocortical fibers.
The retrolenticular segment carries fibers of the auditory and visual pathways
PROJECTION FIBRES

35
Q

What is the supragranular part of the cerebral cortex?

A

Layers I to III
Projects to other columns

36
Q

Where do the majority of afferent connections come from?

A

Thalamus
Brainstem
Hypothalamus

37
Q

Which types of neurons terminate in layers III and IV of the cerebral cortex?

A

Second neurons of the sensory tracts that arise from the thalamus (thalamocortical)

38
Q

Which neurotransmitter dominates layer IV?

A

Spiny stellate cells found here which release glutamate = excitatory neurons

39
Q

What are secondary areas?

A

Located around every primary sensory area which get afferent projections from corresponding primary areas and the thalamus

40
Q

What is the function of the area shown?

A

Primary somatosensory
Post central gyrus
integrates incoming sensory information regrading mechanical and noxious stimulation

41
Q

What is the function of the region highlighted?

A

Precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex
Generation of movement patterns

42
Q

What is the function of the area that lies either side of this sulcus

A

Calcarine sulcus
Primary visual cortex involved in the integration of retinal information

43
Q

What is the function of the region highlighted?

A

Anterior transverse temporal gyrus containing primary auditory area (A1)
involved with the understanding and interpretation of detected sounds, allowing for analysis of what is heard and isolation into a range of streams to enable comprehension of speech, etc.

44
Q

What are the main tracts innervating this region?

A

Parietal lobe
Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway (fine touch and proprioception)
Spinothalamic (pain and temperature)
trigeminothalamic tract

45
Q

What is the function of the region highlighted?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex on the inferior surface of the frontal cortex at the roof of the orbit
Involved in decision making
Percieves smell

46
Q

What is the region shown?

A

Olfactory tract

47
Q

What makes up the olfactory cortex?

A

-Piriform cortex
-Amygdala
-Entorhinal cortex

48
Q

What is the function of the region shown?

A

Limbic lobe
Regulates emotional and behavioural expression

49
Q

What is the result of a lesion in the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Sensorimotor deficits - spatial relationships and memory, inaccurate reaching and grasping, eye movement and inattention (part of corticohippocampal circuit)

50
Q
A

Visual cortex - Brodmann’s Area 71

51
Q
A

Pre-motor cortex + Brodmann’s Area 6

52
Q
A
53
Q

What are the major cortico-thalamic and thalamo-cortical connections?

A
54
Q

Where do stellate cells in layer IV of the primary visual cortex receive fibres from?

A

LGN

55
Q

Where do stellate cells in layer IV of the auditory cortex receive fibres from?

A

Medial geniculate nucleus

56
Q

Which cell type dominates layer IV?

A

Stellate cells (granular) which receive INPUT
Some pyramidal

57
Q

Where do stellate cells in layer IV of the primary sensory cortex receive fibres from?

A

Ventral posterolateral and ventral posteromedial nuclei of the thalamus

58
Q

What is the columnar organisation of the cortex?

A

A cortical column is a group of neurons that form a cylindrical structure through the cerebral cortex, perpendicular to the cortical surface. These columns are thought to be the basic functional units of the cortex.

59
Q

What can cause a physical lesion?

A

Gunshot, stroke

60
Q

What is the result of a lesion in the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Sensorimotor deficits - spatial relationships and memory, inaccurate reaching and grasping, eye movement and inattention (part of corticohippocampal circuit)

61
Q

Where do the fibres in the corpus callosum originate from?

A

Rostrum + Genu - frontal lobe
Body/ trunk of corpus callosum - parietal/ frontal lobes. Pass through corona radiata to reach hemisphere surface.
Splenium - fibres from temporal + occipital lobe
Forceps minor (genu) and major (splenium)

Sophie - The Nervous System - Year 2 (46 decks)

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