231-renal and urothelial Flashcards

1
Q

two factors made by translocation of HIFalpha to the nucleus

A

VEGF and PDGF

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2
Q

why are clear cells clear cytoplasm?

A

full of glycogen and fat. Sometimes it is hemorrhagic though

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3
Q

Difference b/w papillary adenoma and and carcinoma? how about for clear cell and chromophobe?

A

size (t have non-malignant counterparts

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4
Q

three types of malignancies of the lower urinary tract? any sub-classifications?

A

urothelial (split into flat and papillary growth patterns), squamous cell, adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

for which type of RCC are you not thinking of a syndrome when you see bilateral and multifocal

A

papillary (clear cell and chromophobe and oncocytoma all are usually not unless in a syndrome)

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6
Q

three key microscopic features of chromophobe RCC

A

prominent cell borders (“vegetable-like”), “raisinoid” nuclei, perinuclear halos

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7
Q

three types of benign renal tumors

A

oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, papillary adenoma

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8
Q

mahogany brown with central stellate scar? what would histology look like?

A
oncocytoma
densely eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm
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9
Q

angiomyolipoma: associated syndrome?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

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10
Q

most common mutation/chromosomal abnormality in ppl with

A

VHL mutation or loss of chromosome 3p

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11
Q

what do you see on histology of papillary RCC

A

psammoma bodies and foamy macrophages

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12
Q

different types of urinary tract tumor based on growth pattern

A

papillary can be non-invasive (papilloma, PUNLMP, low and high grad papillary urothelial carcinoma) or invasive (invasive high grade urothelial carcinoma, squamous, adeno)

Flat growth is just non-invasive (urothelial carcinoma in situ)

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13
Q

which malignancy of lower urinary tract has flat architecture? high grade or low?

A

urothelial carcinoma in situ

high grade

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14
Q

squamous cell carcinoma: when do you see it?

A

outside of US: infection with schistosoma haematobium

in the US: uncommon but can be from cystectomy, spinal cord injury

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15
Q

adenocarcinoma: risk factors

A

exstrophy of the bladder, can also be due to S. hematobium (not as much as squamous cell)

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