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PSYCH109 > 23 Language II > Flashcards

23 Language II Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the LEFT and RIGHT brains in LANGUAGE

A 
Left = phonology, syntax, semantics
Right = pragmatics (emotion)
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2
Q

2 main brain LANGUAGE areas

A

Brocas

Wernickes

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3
Q

What happens upon LESIONS in
Brocas
Wernickes

A

Brocas lesion = PRODUCTION aphasia (can comprehend, can’t SPEAK)
Wernickes lesion = RECEPTIVE aphasia (can speak, can’t COMPREHEND)

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4
Q

Name the 3 language NETWORKS and the functions

A

DORSAL pathway = GRAMMAR
VENTRAL pathway = MEANING
VMFA = PATTERNS

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5
Q

What is the VMFA pathway

A

Visual Word Form Area

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6
Q

The VWFA is part of what GYRUS?

A

FUSIFORM gyrus

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7
Q

Explain how the fusiform gyrus is LATERALISED

A

LEFT fusiform = WORDS

RIGHT fusiform = FACES

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8
Q

What happens if there is NO LATERALISATION of the fusiform gyrus

A

Dyslexia

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9
Q

Name the 2 types of READING disabilities and their causes

A 
ALEXIA = due to brain INJURY
DYSLEXIA = due to GENETIC abnormality
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10
Q

Describe the DEVELOPMENT of language in EARLY LIFE

A

ORDERLY progression, seems “BUILT-INTO” children

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11
Q

When does language FIRST appear in children?

In what FORM?

A

6 months = BABBLING (‘testing out’ languahge)

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12
Q

What type of language occurs at 2 years?

A

Telegraphic (no grammar)

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13
Q

Describe the case of “Genie”

A

Isolated until 13 years

= never learned GRAMMAR

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14
Q

Is it POSSIBLE to learn a SECOND language after PUBERTY?

A

YES, but will always have an ACCENT

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15
Q

What GENE is closely linked to language??

A

FOXP2

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16
Q

Name a case FAMILY with FOXP2 mutations

What DEFICITS do they have?

A

KE family
= SPEECH deficits
= probably a more general ORO-FACIAL muscle deficit

17
Q

What happens in UNAFFECTED KE family members were SILENTLY generating words?
Why?

A

BROCAS activation due to MIRROR neurons

Activated when both seeing AND doing action

18
Q

What happens in AFFECTED KE family members were SILENTLY generating words?
Why?

A

NO Brocas activation

= no mirror neuron activity

19
Q

Is language present in other SPECIES?

A

UNIQUE to humans

no other species shows OPEN-ENDED, COHERENT language

20
Q

Why is there only POOR EVIDENCE for evolution of language?

A
  • FOSSIL evidence only
  • 6my GAP between last humans and great apes

= theories are SPECULATIVE

21
Q

What is Chomsky’s theory about language evolution?

A

PROMETHEUS had a spontaneous “rewiring” of the brain

= gained ability of UNBOUND MERGE

22
Q

What theory OPPOSES Chomsky’s theory?

A

Darwinian Theory

23
Q

Explain the Darwinian Theory of language evolution

A
  • Language evolved GRADUALLY

* SURVIVAL via communication in hunter-gathere phase

24
Q

What PERIOD was probably CRITICAL to language development

A

Pleistocene

25
Q

Explain the Gestural Theory

A

Language evolved from GESTURES:

= gradually shifted to face/mouth

26
Q

WHY did language shift to the FACE/MOUTH?

A

DEC energy expenditure

Good muscle control

27
Q

What was added to the mouth movements?

WHY?

A

VOCALISATION = makes mouth gesturs ACCESSIBLE

28
Q

There was a SHIFT from ______ communication to meanings carried by ________

A

There was a SHIFT from “ICONIC” (pictures) communication to meanings carried by ASSOCIATION

29
Q

What is the name given to the PROCESS of shifting from gestures to mouth

A

Miniturisation

30
Q

EVIDENCE of the Gestural Theory

A
  • Bipedalism
  • Neurophysiology
  • Communication in APES
  • SIGN language
31
Q

What are the possible relationships between BIPEDALISM and language?

A

Did bipedalism drive GESTURES?

Or did gestures drive bipedalism?

32
Q

Explain communication in APES

A

CHIMPS use many gestures, limited vocal calls

APES can learn gestures and KEYBOARDS, but no speaking

33
Q

How did SIGN language emerge?

How did it CHANGE

A

Emerged as PANTOMIME (act out meaning)

Became more CONVENTIONALISED

34
Q

What brain ares are activated in SIGN language

A

SAME brain areas as SPOKEN language

PSYCH109 (18 decks)

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