23 Language II Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the LEFT and RIGHT brains in LANGUAGE

A
Left = phonology, syntax, semantics
Right = pragmatics (emotion)
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2
Q

2 main brain LANGUAGE areas

A

Brocas

Wernickes

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3
Q

What happens upon LESIONS in
Brocas
Wernickes

A

Brocas lesion = PRODUCTION aphasia (can comprehend, can’t SPEAK)
Wernickes lesion = RECEPTIVE aphasia (can speak, can’t COMPREHEND)

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4
Q

Name the 3 language NETWORKS and the functions

A

DORSAL pathway = GRAMMAR
VENTRAL pathway = MEANING
VMFA = PATTERNS

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5
Q

What is the VMFA pathway

A

Visual Word Form Area

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6
Q

The VWFA is part of what GYRUS?

A

FUSIFORM gyrus

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7
Q

Explain how the fusiform gyrus is LATERALISED

A

LEFT fusiform = WORDS

RIGHT fusiform = FACES

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8
Q

What happens if there is NO LATERALISATION of the fusiform gyrus

A

Dyslexia

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9
Q

Name the 2 types of READING disabilities and their causes

A
ALEXIA = due to brain INJURY
DYSLEXIA = due to GENETIC abnormality
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10
Q

Describe the DEVELOPMENT of language in EARLY LIFE

A

ORDERLY progression, seems “BUILT-INTO” children

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11
Q

When does language FIRST appear in children?

In what FORM?

A

6 months = BABBLING (‘testing out’ languahge)

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12
Q

What type of language occurs at 2 years?

A

Telegraphic (no grammar)

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13
Q

Describe the case of “Genie”

A

Isolated until 13 years

= never learned GRAMMAR

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14
Q

Is it POSSIBLE to learn a SECOND language after PUBERTY?

A

YES, but will always have an ACCENT

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15
Q

What GENE is closely linked to language??

A

FOXP2

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16
Q

Name a case FAMILY with FOXP2 mutations

What DEFICITS do they have?

A

KE family
= SPEECH deficits
= probably a more general ORO-FACIAL muscle deficit

17
Q

What happens in UNAFFECTED KE family members were SILENTLY generating words?
Why?

A

BROCAS activation due to MIRROR neurons

Activated when both seeing AND doing action

18
Q

What happens in AFFECTED KE family members were SILENTLY generating words?
Why?

A

NO Brocas activation

= no mirror neuron activity

19
Q

Is language present in other SPECIES?

A

UNIQUE to humans

no other species shows OPEN-ENDED, COHERENT language

20
Q

Why is there only POOR EVIDENCE for evolution of language?

A
  • FOSSIL evidence only
  • 6my GAP between last humans and great apes

= theories are SPECULATIVE

21
Q

What is Chomsky’s theory about language evolution?

A

PROMETHEUS had a spontaneous “rewiring” of the brain

= gained ability of UNBOUND MERGE

22
Q

What theory OPPOSES Chomsky’s theory?

A

Darwinian Theory

23
Q

Explain the Darwinian Theory of language evolution

A
  • Language evolved GRADUALLY

* SURVIVAL via communication in hunter-gathere phase

24
Q

What PERIOD was probably CRITICAL to language development

A

Pleistocene

25
Explain the Gestural Theory
Language evolved from GESTURES: | = gradually shifted to face/mouth
26
WHY did language shift to the FACE/MOUTH?
DEC energy expenditure | Good muscle control
27
What was added to the mouth movements? | WHY?
VOCALISATION = makes mouth gesturs ACCESSIBLE
28
There was a SHIFT from ______ communication to meanings carried by ________
There was a SHIFT from “ICONIC” (pictures) communication to meanings carried by ASSOCIATION
29
What is the name given to the PROCESS of shifting from gestures to mouth
Miniturisation
30
EVIDENCE of the Gestural Theory
* Bipedalism * Neurophysiology * Communication in APES * SIGN language
31
What are the possible relationships between BIPEDALISM and language?
Did bipedalism drive GESTURES? | Or did gestures drive bipedalism?
32
Explain communication in APES
CHIMPS use many gestures, limited vocal calls | APES can learn gestures and KEYBOARDS, but no speaking
33
How did SIGN language emerge? | How did it CHANGE
Emerged as PANTOMIME (act out meaning) | Became more CONVENTIONALISED
34
What brain ares are activated in SIGN language
SAME brain areas as SPOKEN language